Saturday, August 31, 2019

Calpurnia Character Analysis

Calpurnia enters into the story very early on in To Kill a Mockingbird, and is an integral part in the story. She works for the Finch family as their cook and mother figure. We get a very clear picture of Calpurnia in Chapter One. â€Å"She was all angles and bones. † This suggests the maybe she doesn’t have much money to buy food or that she is older. It also shows that she is older because â€Å"She had been with us ever since Jem was born, and I had felt her tyrannical presence for as long as I could remember. She doesn’t take any nonsense from the fact that â€Å"Our battles were epic and one-sided. † That Calpurnia had been with the Finches since Jem’s birth suggests that she is part of the family. Atticus trusts her to take care of the children when he is gone. â€Å"But there came a day when Atticus told us he’d wear us out if we made any noise in the yard and commissioned Calpurnia to serve in his absence if she heard a sound out of us. † He trusts her to discipline the children â€Å"Her hand was as wide as bed slat and twice as hard. When Scout questions Walter’s eating habits at the table in Chapter Three, Calpurnia is the one to discipline her. She says â€Å"‘That boy’s yo’ comp’ny and if he wants to eat up the table cloth you let him, you hear? ’† Atticus trusts her to take care of the children properly. Calpurnia is like a surrogate mother to the children. For example, when Scout refuses to gargle after chewing the Double-Mint gum, Jem threatens her with â€Å"you don’t ’n’ I’ll tell Calpurnia on you! † As gruff as may come off, she really does love the children. When Scout starts going to school, Calpurnia softens up. ‘â€Å"I missed you today. ’† She sets the boundaries for the children. â€Å"Our summertime boundaries (within calling distance of Calpurnia) were Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose’s house and the Radley place three doors to the south. † Calpurnia really treats the children as if they were her own. Calpurnia is more educated than most African-American people in Maycomb. She taught Scout to write. â€Å"She would set me a writing task by scrawling the alphabet firmly across the top a tablet, then copying out a chapter of Bible beneath. If Scout copied it up to her standards, she was rewarded. That she did this shows she knew more than most black people would know in Maycomb and it is yet another example of her mothering Scout. Calpurnia speaks as well as any other white person in Maycomb, except when she is mad. As shown when she disciplines Scout for the dinner incident with Walter. â€Å"She was furious, and when she was furious Calpurnia’s grammar became erratic. When in tranquility, her grammar was as good as anybody’s in Maycomb. Atticus said Calpurnia had more education than colored folks† Calpurnia tries to show Scout and Jem that there is no difference between white and African-American people. â€Å"For Calpurnia rarely commented on the ways of white people. † Calpurnia speaks like any other person in Maycomb to show the children she is equal to the white people in town. She has manners that are as good as anyone else in town. When Scout questions Walter’s eating habits, Calpurnia shows good manners in telling Scout to allow Walter carry on and be polite.

Friday, August 30, 2019

The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 7

Ella Dean's got his music blasting upstairs at full volume and it's rattling the ceiling. I start picking up the garbage in the kitchen, avoiding the confrontation of seeing him again. Propping the trash can against my hip, I drag my arm along the counter, pushing a line of bottles into it. I pull out the bag and tie the string shut, holding it far away from me. â€Å"God, that stinks.† â€Å"Still cleaning up after dad, I see.† Dean enters the kitchen. He's dressed in slacks and a button down shirt, the sleeves rolled up to his elbows. His dark brown hair is cut short and it shows off the scar on the top of his forehead, where I accidently hit him during a freak accident while we were playing baseball with a tent pole and a basketball. â€Å"Nothing changes around here, even when you leave for a year.† He opens the fridge and steals a beer. â€Å"Although, you do look different. Did you finally clean up your act?† â€Å"Do you really care if I did?† I drag the garbage bag toward the back door. â€Å"I think you made it perfectly clear the last time you were here that you don't give a shit what happens to me.† He pops the cap off the bottle. â€Å"Are you still on that?† â€Å"You told me I killed our mother,† I say quietly. â€Å"How could I be over that?† He sips his beer and shrugs. â€Å"I thought you left so you could move on with your life.† I summon a deep breath. â€Å"I didn't move on. I bailed just like you did.† â€Å"I ran away for the same reason you ran away because staying here means dealing with the past and our pasts are the kind that need to be locked away and never revisited.† â€Å"You mean dealing with mom's death. And the fact that it was my fault she's dead. Or that I'm responsible for her death.† He peels at the beer bottle label. â€Å"Why do you always have to be so blunt about everything? It makes people uncomfortable.† I'm changing back into my old ways and I need to collect myself. Opening the back door, I toss the garbage bag onto the back steps. â€Å"Do you want to go get some dinner or something? We could go out to Alpine where no one really knows us.† He shakes his head, gulps down the rest of the beer, and then tosses the empty bottle into the trash. â€Å"The only reason I came back here was to get the rest of my stuff. Then I'm out. I got stuff to go back to that's more important than family drama and alcoholic fathers.† He leaves me in the kitchen and a few seconds later, the music is turned up louder. It's an upbeat rhythm and it drives me crazy, so I crank on the kitchen radio, blasting â€Å"Shameful Metaphors† by Chevelle. I start sweeping up the kitchen, blocking out my brother's words. He always liked to nitpick me apart, which was fine, but at the funeral, he crossed a line we can never come back from. The back door swings open and the wind rushes in as my dad stumbles into the kitchen. His shoes are untied, his jeans are torn, and his red shirt is stained with dirt and grease. His hand is wrapped with an old rag that's soaked in blood. Dropping the broom to the floor, I rush to him. â€Å"Oh my God, are you okay?† He flinches from me and nods his head, staggering to the sink. â€Å"Just cut myself on the job. No biggie.† I turn down the music. â€Å"Dad, you weren't drinking at work, were you?† He turns the faucet on and his head slumps over. â€Å"The guys and I had a couple of shots during lunch break, but I'm not drunk.† He removes the rag and sticks his hand under the water, letting out a relieved sigh as the water mixes with his blood. â€Å"Is your brother home? I thought I saw his car in the driveway.† I grab a paper towel and clean up the blood he got on the counter and on the floor. â€Å"He's upstairs packing up some stuff or something.† He dabs his hand with a paper towel, wincing. â€Å"Well, that's good I guess.† I lean over to examine his hand. â€Å"Do I need to take you to the doctor? That looks like it might need stitches?† â€Å"I'll be fine.† He grabs a bottle of vodka, takes a swig, and then douses his hand with it. â€Å"Dad, what are you doing?† I reach for the first aid kit above the sink. â€Å"Use the rubbing alcohol from the first aid kit.† Breathing through clenched teeth, he wraps up his hand with a paper towel. â€Å"See, good as new.† â€Å"It can still get infected.† I take out the kit and set it on the counter. â€Å"You should really let me take you to a doctor.† He stares at me for a moment with his eyes full of agony. â€Å"God, you look so much like her, it's just crazy†¦ â€Å"He drags his feet as he walks out the doorway and into the living room. Seconds later, I hear the television click on and the air fills with smoke. Suppressed feelings surface as I put the first aid kit back into the cupboard. Cranking up the music, I drowning out my pain and busy myself with the dishes. My phone vibrates in my pocket and I wipe my hands off on a towel before checking my messages. There's the voicemail from Micha from yesterday that I still haven't listened to and a new text message from him. The text message seems like the less dangerous of the two. My hand trembles as I read it over and over again, then finally respond. I toss the phone on the counter and focus on cleaning because it's simple. And simple is just what I want. Micha I barge into Ella's house. Something bad happened, probably because of her douche bag brother. Ella is scrubbing down the counters with the same amount of energy as a drummer. Her hair is pulled up, but pieces hang loose in her face. She has the music on, so she doesn't hear me come in. I walk up behind her, wanting to touch her, but instead I turn the music down. She drops the paper towel she is holding and reels around. â€Å"You scared the hell out of me.† She presses her hand to her chest. â€Å"I didn't hear you come in.† â€Å"That's kind of obvious.† I search her green eyes, crammed with misery. She fidgets with a stack of plates and carries them over to the cupboard before backtracking to the sink. She's wound up over something and too much energy is in her. Her mom was like that a lot of times. But Ella's not her mother, whether she realizes it or not. I collect the plates from her hand and set them in the sink. â€Å"Do you want to tell me what's got you all worked up?† Tapping her fingers on the sides of her legs, she shakes her head. â€Å"I should have never sent you that text. I don't know why I did it.† She starts to turn away from me, but I catch the bottom of her shirt. â€Å"Ella May, stop talking to me like we're business associates. I know you better than anyone and I know when something's bothering you.† â€Å"I said I was fine.† Her voice is tight as she forces back the tears. The girl never lets herself cry, even when her mom died. â€Å"No, you're not,† I steer her by the shoulders toward me. â€Å"And you need to let it out.† She stares at the floor. â€Å"I can't.† I tuck my finger under her chin and raise her head up, looking into her eyes. â€Å"Yes, you can. It's killing you inside.† Her shoulders quiver and she lets her head fall against my chest. I rub her back and tell her it will be okay. It's not much, but it's enough for the moment. Finally she pulls back and her face is unreadable. â€Å"Where's Lila?† â€Å"I left her with Ethan at the shop.† I sit down on the kitchen table that's stacked with unopened bills. â€Å"She's supposed to come back here when her car's fixed.† She gazes out the window, lost in her thoughts. â€Å"She could just go home after Ethan's done. She doesn't need to come back here.† â€Å"Where does she live?† â€Å"In California.† â€Å"Then she probably shouldn't leave tonight.† I glance out the window at the sun setting behind the shallow hills. â€Å"It's late and she's going to be driving by herself, right?† Ella nods, spaced out as she twists her hair around her finger. â€Å"And I worry about her making the drive by herself. I mean she practically freaked out when we ran into Grantford at the restrooms over by the lake.† My fingers grip the edge of the table. â€Å"You ran into Grantford?† She lowers her hand from her hair and lets it fall to her side. â€Å"Yeah, but it wasn't a big deal. He just acted like himself and you know how that is.† I release the table from my death grip, trying to clear the anger out of my head. No matter what Ella says, Grantford never should have left her on the bridge that night when she was that out of it. I stretch my legs out in front of me and change the direction of the conversation. â€Å"How did you end up becoming friends with Lila?† She bites down on her lip, contemplating. â€Å"We were roommates.† She shrugs, letting her lip pop out from her teeth and it drives me crazy because all I want to do is bite down on it myself. â€Å"She was really nice and different from all my friends here and I wanted a change.† I hop off the table and move in front of her. â€Å"Change is good, but completely shutting down is a whole other story, Ella, have you†¦ Did you ever talk to anyone about what happened with your mom?† Her shoulders stiffen and she turns for the doorway, preparing to leave. â€Å"That's none of your business.† I block her path. â€Å"Yes it is. I've known you forever, so I get full rights to what's inside your head.† Her eyes narrow and she puts her hands on her hips. â€Å"Get out of my way, Micha Scott.† â€Å"What is it with you using my last name?† I say. â€Å"Before, when you'd get mad at me, you'd just call me a douche bag.† â€Å"I don't use those words anymore,† she says flatly. â€Å"I'm nicer than that.† â€Å"Really?† I accuse. â€Å"Because you sure seem pissed off at me all the time.† â€Å"I'm trying not to be,† she fumes. â€Å"But you're making it very hard for me.† â€Å"Alright, you need a time out. I've had enough of your stubborn crap.† I pick her up by the waist and throw her over my shoulder. She lets out a startled gasp, and pounds her fists onto my back. â€Å"Dammit Micha, put me down!† Ignoring her, I walk out the back door and down the empty driveway. I think about grabbing her ass just because I can, but I'm afraid she might bite me†¦ although, that doesn't sound bad. â€Å"Micha,† she complains furiously. â€Å"Put me down!† My mom steps out of the house as I carry her toward the garage. She's dressed in a black dress a little too short for her age. Her highlighted hair is fluffed up like a poodle and her makeup is caked on. She must have a date. She stops on the top step and tilts her head to the side to get a better look. â€Å"Ella, is that you?† Ella stops fussing and lifts up her head to look at my mom. â€Å"Hi, Miss Scott. How are you?† â€Å"Hi, honey, I'm doing good†¦ but is there a reason Micha's carrying you like that?† she questions. â€Å"Are you hurt?† Ella shakes her head. â€Å"No, I'm fine. Micha just thinks he's funny.† Which means she secretly likes what I'm doing, but won't admit it. â€Å"Actually, I'm taking her for a ride,† I say slyly, inching my hand up the back of Ella's leg, and she slaps the back of my head playfully. â€Å"I'm taking you for a ride in my car. And you think I'm the pervert?† My mom sighs, shaking her head, and opens her purse. â€Å"Well, it's nice to see you two together again.† She takes out her car keys and her heels click as she trots down the steps. â€Å"Micha sure has missed you while you were gone.† â€Å"Bye mom,† I wave her off, heading for the garage again, as my mom climbs into her Cadillac parked in the street near the curb. â€Å"Is she going on a date?† Ella asks curiously. â€Å"She's been going on a lot of dates lately.† I swing open the car door and set her down in the passenger seat. She tries to climb out. â€Å"I'm not going anywhere tonight Micha.† I gently push her back into the seat. â€Å"I'm not going to let you sit around in your room and sulk while your brother's around. Let's go out and have some fun.† She pauses, crossing her arms over her chest and her boobs nearly pop out of her top. â€Å"But I need to be there when Lila comes back. I can't just let her come back to Dean and my dad passed out on the couch.† â€Å"I'll take care of it.† I rip my gaze from her tits, take out my cell phone, and text Ethan. Me: Taking Ella up to The Back Road. Wanna get Lila and meet us up there? Ella slumps back into the seat. â€Å"What are you up to?† I hold up my finger. â€Å"Just a sec.† Ethan: Yeah, sounds cool. Me: Is Lila up for it? And make sure u ask her. Don't just assume. Ethan: She said she's good†¦ but is Ella ok with going up there? Me: We'll c when we get up there. Ethan: Dude, she's gonna kick ur ass. Me: C U there. I stuff my phone into the back pocket of my jeans and close her door before climbing into the driver's seat. â€Å"Where are you taking me?† she asks, trying to appear annoyed but her inquisitiveness seeps through her eyes. â€Å"It's a surprise.† Once the garage door is open, I peel down the driveway. â€Å"And Lila and Ethan are going to meet us there.† â€Å"A surprise, huh?† she mulls it over. â€Å"I'm not a fan of surprises.† My lips spread to a grin. â€Å"You're such a liar.† She stays silent and I know I've won this one, which is rare, but I'll take it. With a swift crank of the steering wheel, I align the car onto the road and spin the tires off into the night, happy because I managed to chip away a tiny piece of that armor she's wearing.

How does Robert Swindells create sympathy for Link, and homeless people, in his novel, Stone Cold? Essay

In the novel â€Å"Stone Cold†, Swindells tries to create a sympathetic atmosphere for, one of the main characters, â€Å"Link† and other homeless people in general. To do this; he uses a variety of techniques in his novel to help get the reader too sympathise with Link and the other homeless people. The first technique he uses is first person narrative. This is shown when Link says; â€Å"they avoid looking at me. Right now I’m sitting in a doorway watching the passers-by†. This uses first person narrative as the words â€Å"me† and â€Å"I’m† have been used, meaning Link is saying it. He implies that it is the pedestrians trying to â€Å"avoid† him, acting like he is not there. As if he’s invisible. Which is shown when Swindells uses the word â€Å"they†- also making the reader feel as if Link is addressing them, engaging the reader, making them feel pity and guilt towards Link. He also uses first person narrative when he says, â€Å"It was still dark, and bitterly cold as I began to peel of my sleeping bag†. Again, he uses first person narrative as he uses the words â€Å"me† and â€Å"I†. This creates sympathy as he uses strong words like â€Å"bitterly† which makes emphasises the fact how col d he is. As words like â€Å"dark† has been used it gives the reader an insight of link’s feelings of how frightened he is, as he â€Å"peels† of his sleeping bag, constantly in pain- in the depths of despair. Secondly, the author creates sympathy by showing the reasons for becoming homeless, how easy it seems to become homeless and that it’s not always their fault for ending up on the streets. This is shown right at the beginning of the book when Link states; â€Å"But that’s not why I ended up like this. No Vincent’s to blame for that†. As soon as the reader finishes reading this, they are instantly curious of: Who Vincent is? Why he done what he did? Also, how he done it? This is emphasised when Link says, â€Å"Vincent is to blame.† Using a short sentence and leaving the reader on a cliff-hanger. This creates sympathy for Link as it shows how it was not in any way link’s fault for becoming how he is and makes the reader think of what dreadful thing Vincent done too make a fourteen year-old boy run away from his warm, safe and secure on the â€Å"Stone Cold† pavements†, in the freezing, frightening and reckless streets of London. Thirdly, when Link arrives in London it is his very first time, during this time period he is presented to be very naà ¯ve; making many vital mistakes which can never be fixed. This is shown as Link uses the metaphor, â€Å"You’re on the old downward spiral and that’s that,† When Link says the word â€Å"old† in the metaphor to describe the â€Å"spiral† it makes it seem as if Link has many mistakes before Link was homeless, causing the reader too sympathise with Link. Also, Link stats; â€Å"that was my second mistake†, causing the reader too expect more mistakes too come in the nearby future. The fact that Link uses a metaphor, heightens the fact that once you make the first crucial mistake. There’s no going back. Fourthly, Swindells creates sympathy by showing that there is no government aid or support for Link and the other homeless people. This is implied during Link’s search for money when he says; â€Å"You mean I’ll get no benefit- nothing?† The author creates sympathy as he makes the government seem like they are doing nothing to help Link, making the reader portray an egotistical image of them. After he says this he adds â€Å"-nothing† to really emphasise the fact that the government isn’t giving Link (and the other homeless people) one single penny. This enforces the fact that link has nothing creating sympathetic atmosphere. Fifthly, the author tries to make sympathy for Link by showing how badly Link is treated by: his family, the general public, his landlord Rat face and even the other homeless people! Vince –Link’s mum’s boyfriend- is shown to treat Link exceedingly bad due to violence, which is shown when Link states, â€Å"Vince started slapping me around the head!† When this is said it builds up a reputation for Vince; making him seem like a diabolical man, giving the reader an insight of Vince’s true monstrosity and show the upsetting reality of Link’s depressing life. Hence sympathy created for Link. Also when the word â€Å"head† is mentioned it causes the reader to feel more sympathy for Link due to the head being a very important and could seriously injure someone; showing the sheer hatred of Vince towards Link. The dreaded Landlord, known as â€Å"Rat-face†, also treats Link horribly, this is shown when Link says; â€Å"He had a bunch if my shirt in his fist and his face was an inch away from mine† This creates sympathy towards Link as it shows how threatening Rat-face is being towards the fourteen year old boy, Link. When words like, â€Å"fist† are used it give the reader a sense of danger and helplessness from Link; making the landlord over-powering, intimidating and a more authoritative person. Link is also shown disrespect from other homeless people who show no mercy towards him, this is shown when the other homeless man says; â€Å"Sod off, kiddo, before I drop yer† As the man states the word, â€Å"kiddo† it reminds the reader how young and vulnerable Link is towards other threatening people. It also shows that the homeless person know he is young; portraying an evil image of the man as he bully Links around. Sixthly, the author creates sympathy by the use of detailed description of the terrible weather conditions endured by Link and the other homeless people. This is shown when Link says,† Spend one January night in a doorway and you’ll know why† Link tells the reader how harsh the weather is without actually describing it; he implies how disgraceful it is by saying â€Å"you’ll know why† making a cliff-hanger and causing an effect on the reader as they are left to make up in their minds what horrendous conditions Link – and the other homeless people- had to stay in. Link also says; â€Å"It was dark and bitterly cold as I began to peel of my sleeping bag† As the author adds extra detailed words like, â€Å"bitterly† it gives the reader a real sense of the sheer coldness of being on the streets. Swindells also says the phrase; â€Å"peel of my sleeping bag† showing how uncomfortable Link is and how easy tasks can become very difficult. Link also states, â€Å"It was raw morning with a sneaky wind which came out of the side streets and went right through you† Swindells emphasises how freezing cold it is by using the metaphor; â€Å"went right through you† getting the reader to feel for Link and sympathise with him as he is forced to be prey to the brutal winds. Also when the term, â€Å"raw morning† is used it gives the reader an idea of fresh; yet bitter conditions. Seventhly, and finally, sympathy is created as a sense danger is found throughout the whole novel of â€Å"Stone Cold†. As soon as Link becomes homeless he soon becomes aware of the dangers, this is shown when Link states; â€Å"There are guys so desperate or so crazy, they’ll knife you or batter your head in for your sleeping bag and the coppers you’ve got in your pocket† When this is said it gives the reader a sense of despair and how much people will do for so little. Also, as Link is going through this it makes the reader sympathetic for Link as they realise his helplessness and how he’s at the Brink if despair†¦Also in Shelter’s narrative he says; â€Å"Nobody knows they’re there, they’re invisible.† When this is says it shows how professional Shelter is at murdering people; giving the reader a real sense of danger for Link as he has many encounters with this skilled murderer, showing Link’s vulnerability . When shelter says; â€Å"They’re invisible† he uses a metaphor to show that no one will ever find them and it’s like the victims are not even there. In conclusion Robert Swindells uses many successful ways and techniques to create sympathy for Link and the other homeless people in his novel, â€Å"Stone Cold† This builds up to create a sympathetic atmosphere throughout the whole of the book.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Affect of Immagration on Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Affect of Immagration on Society - Essay Example Other countries like British and France had to compel employers to listen and work with employees to avoid strikes, conflicts and unrests (Howard, 35). The split between two original labour unions (knight of labour and National labour union) in 1888 led to emergence of American Federation of Labour. The coming up of the third labour union was detrimental in addressing labour reforms, because no sooner was it started than the labour reform stopped. This splits it led to a situation where trade union lacked superiority, power, and labour reforms lost its meaning. In 1902 due to racial segregation that had occurred, black and other migrants formed unions to safeguard them from exploitation. This is because they were the majority who were working. Knight of labour then began to decline due to certain factors like lack of skilled workers, and continued rise of power from national governments (Joseph, 680). There were labour gains during the years 1933 to 1945 after certain pieces of legislations were crafted. Some of legislations include the liberal bill on wages and hours to pay and work respectively. Workers, for example, were expected to work for 30 hours a week, and significant rise of salary, but one drawback was lack of minimum wage provision. After suspension of anti-trust laws, the National recovery administration act came into place as a response to ‘black 30 hour bill’ bringing together business owners, and providing them with the opportunity to set maximum, minimum wages, working hours and amount of output to be produced. The aim of the stated union was to create an avenue for fair competition, increased economy and help in employment of workers (Lichtman, 230). Although the National recovery administration act was in place, there were no effort to prevent workers unrest and no work was organized well. The limitation of the act

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Business law 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Business law 1 - Essay Example Black hackers could penetrate company websites and steal information that would be fundamental to them. This trend has led companies to hire hackers whose primary function is to counter the work of the black hackers. The skyrocketing use of social media has created a cyber threat. Apart from individuals, businesses are getting into social media which has substantially increased the threat of attack. Companies have taken a step beyond policies and procedures and developed tactics to combat these attacks. File log systems, data leakage prevention and enhanced monitoring of the network are among the advanced technologies developed to curb cyber attacks on companies. Research has advised that large firms should look into developing specialist policing and forensic computer resources for easy detecting and mitigation of cyberspace strikes. Law enforcement agencies are targeting social media sites are they are the easy places to find data. The unwarranted use of social media is giving a rise in cyber harassment, identity theft, and cyber stalking. Users are being tracked, and their data stolen, and illegally used on other platforms. The biggest challenge to social media legislator is mitigating the risks to the users and providing appropriate remedies to the victims. Corporations have come up with the e-signature technology where individuals can sign documents online and deliver them with embedded sign on the owner. It has the same impact legally as the hardcopy signature and enables identification. However, with knowledge asymmetry in the internet usage, ill-intentioned users can hack and impersonate others for selfish reasons. It can also amount to identity theft. Trespass as a cyber tort may include sending spam emails and spyware that if negligently handled, may gather data from one computer and send back to the source of the email. The other emerging trend is the need for the

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Case Study No. 1, McDonalds Senior Restaurant (p. 648)

No. 1, McDonalds Senior Restaurant (p. 648) - Case Study Example of McDonald’s would not suffer as a result of this strategy since the senior citizens flock the restaurant in the morning when young customers do not usually come. Lisa should encourage senior citizens to come and enjoy their meals at McDonald’s. This is because the restaurant would not want to be famous for its discrimination against its customer based on their age. Also the senior customers usually leave before noon which is already a slow time for the restaurant. Lisa is getting a good opportunity for her slow time and should bank upon it. Since the senior customers spend as much as normal customers, she would not have to worry about generating profits and sales for the restaurant. Bingo games would be a suitable activity for senior citizens and would act as a promotional campaign to attract such customer (Clow and Baack, 2011). She could further use the idea of bingo game to her advantage. She could do this by allocating a special time for the bingo game, one when normal customers usually do not visit the restaurant. By doing this, Lisa would be ensuring that her senior customers prefer to come during this time and do not crowd the restaurant during the peak hours when young customers visit. Since young customers usually visit after noon, Lisa should not have to worry about crowding discouraging the young customers or that her restaurant would be labeled as ‘an old people’s

Monday, August 26, 2019

Northern California film history assignment Essay

Northern California film history assignment - Essay Example ory that has caused the movie industry to evolve into its current form, the opinions and findings of Trimble will emerge as most relevant and realistic. There is an element of a forgotten past behind Hollywood’s emergence as the capital of motion picture industry. The events that can reveal the historic background of this transformation date as long back to the early 1900s when the production activities began shifting from San Francisco to Los Angels in 1907. This has heralded a major change for the Northern California movie scenario apart from the changes the film industry underwent as a whole. Before that most of the production activities in the US have been centered in San Francisco Bay Area. An inquiry down the lane of history reveals that the Bay Area was a fertile hub for the early experiments, inventions, and evolution of motion pictures. Pioneers like Edward Muybridge, Edison, and Edwin Porter were involved in the process of movie making in the Bay Area. Without their contributions the motion film industry in US would not have gained its momentum. Thus one cannot overlook as irrelevant Trimble’s observation that motion pictures were invented in San Francisco. Yet, much of the print history on motion pictures has ignored San Francisco’s contribution and directed their focus on Hollywood as the cognation point of film industry. Credit doesn’t seem to have been given where it actually belongs and the flawed assumptions need to be rectified in the light of the facts available. However, if one explores the oral history in the matter the contention seems to honor Southern California’s role in giving the boost to the movie industry that made it flourish to its current status. When one examines history and the recorded facts therein, it becomes evident that San Franciscans are key players in the making of the movies and their role has been pivotal right from the embryonic stage of motion pictures’ development as an industry. It was Eadward Muybridge,

Sunday, August 25, 2019

The Different Types of New Governments Assignment

The Different Types of New Governments - Assignment Example Choosing the best possible style for a given nation is no small task. We live in a world of extreme diversity. We have ethnic, cultural, racial, philosophical, ideological, and religious diversity all around us in the modern world. In order to meet the needs of a modern diverse world is to apply a new style of government altogether; it would be more a hybridization of the most beneficial elements of existing styles to form something new, sustainable, and more ethical in a diverse world. Present government issues involving political parties that refuse to agree upon anything and a President that refuses to compromise on his policies continually stagnate and stalemate the issues of this country. Many of the American people have grown more than tired, frustrated, and aggravated by the present government; reforms, changes, and innovations are definitely in store. The best suggestion would be a combination of several different approaches; A Constitutional Commonwealth Confederacy might be feasible. In a Constitutional Government is operated with an agreed upon a document, like the Constitution, that sets down the most basic and fundamental principles of the society they are hoping to govern. It determines, both, the powers and limitation of any government entity. A Commonwealth Government is a political entity that was founded on the idea of a unifying â€Å"compact,† which represents the people’s best interests for the common good. In this new government, the fusing of the Constitution form with the Commonwealth reliance on a â€Å"compact† is rather smooth. Finally, a Confederacy or Confederation is a union between the states and provinces that allows for a central government to exist but heavily limits the powers of that government (Melina, 2011). This grants greater powers to individual areas, as opposed to being overruled by a central government. This would likely create a more fair, organized, and balanced government structure that would benefit a society of diversity in ideas, beliefs, and religions.  

Saturday, August 24, 2019

The Graduate Labor Market of The Banking Industry Of The United Essay

The Graduate Labor Market of The Banking Industry Of The United Kingdom - Essay Example cruiting fewer graduates now after a consistent increase over the past three years but it seams this trend has peaked and they are recruiting lesser numbers than was the trend before. They continue to point out that the UK’s leading graduate absorbers including the banking sector have had their intake vacancies increased by only 0.9% in the year 2012 unlike in 2011which witnessed an increase of 2.8% or 2010 which grew by 6.7%. Despite the slowdown, it is still plain to see there has been a steady increase of employment for graduates for three years in a row (King, 2012). The total number of graduates in 2011 rose but a third of all the available positions for most employers including the banking sectors; was taken by graduates that had prior association with working for the employers in question (King, 2012). This was either through sponsorships, industrial placements or vacation work. This trend meant that those that failed to secure these opportunities early ended up being l ocked out of these companies (Butcher, 2010). Big traditional banking graduate recruiters are not the only companies that graduates can work for. Smaller and medium sized banking related companies (SMEs) make up about 99% of UK businesses which is true for the banking sector as well and they offer a chance for graduates to secure employment as well. Another way out is to look for avenues where the graduates can put their skills into work for themselves and to make the most of their qualification and skills (Glen, 2007). Butcher, S 2010, ‘Yes, the Future of Banking Commission’s report is crazy, but it could be VERY good news for some jobs’. eFinancial Careers [Available Online] http://news.efinancialcareers.com/19711/yes-the-future-of-banking-commissions-report-is-crazy-but-it-could-be-very-good-news-for-some-jobs/ accessed on 25 October,

Friday, August 23, 2019

Shell Oil Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Shell Oil Company - Essay Example l products, gas, chemicals and other selected businesses and to participate in the search for and development of other sources of energy to meet evolving customer needs and the world’s growing demand for energy. We believe that oil and gas will be integral to the global energy needs for economic development for many decades to come. Our role is to ensure that we extract and deliver them profitably and in environmentally and socially responsible ways. We seek a high standard of performance, maintaining a strong long-term and growing position in the competitive environments in which we choose to operate.† (Shell Oil Company) A company by the name Saudi Aramco based out of Saudi Arabia is an active partner of Shell and both these companies have been progressing. Both have seen tremendous development after they became partners. Recent activities of Shell have come under the scanner because it was believed that several birds were losing their life because of the activities of the company but the company has reduced the production of products that affected the living of birds and as an inevitable result of which it is much more environment friendly company. The company faced another big challenge in the during 1978 and 1995, polybutylene was used by the company to manufacture pipes and the same exploded one day and as a result of which many people were left homeless because of the flood caused by the pipelines. There was a lawsuit filed against the company by the people who got affected by this whole incident and the company had to shell out millions to settle this issue, the company has come a long way since then. The work culture is really good in Shell and all the employees work in harmony with each other. The work is making great progress and it is already one of the largest oil and gas producing companies in the world. â€Å"Shell Foundation Director Kurt Hoffman welcomed commitments made earlier today (6 May 2008) in London by multinational companies (MNCs) to

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Psychological Testing and Assessment of Adolescents Paper Research

Psychological Testing and Assessment of Adolescents - Research Paper Example Some educators have used intelligence assessment results to separate slow learners from quick learners. The technique has been effective in moderating educational materials for the different learners, with slow learners having longer lessons and more learning materials. Extra learning materials enable slow learners opportunity to get information from different sources, which strengthen understanding. Assessments involving achievement tests have proved practical tools for shaping school curricula. Achievement tests for learners come at the end of a course or a given level of education. The assessments help in determining the level of accomplishment of students, and comparing the results with expectations in the outside social and economic spectra (Ployhart & MacKenzie, 2011). The outcomes of such assessments guide curricular planners to analyze relevance of certain educational items. Where assessment outcomes in achievement tests are low, then it becomes compulsory for curricular planners to refine educational contents to fit expectations. Assessments in education have also been useful in determining admission of students into learning institutions, and promoting learners to different levels of education. Common assessments are in the form of class tests, and term and yearly examinations. Educators also use assessments to measure the extents the extents of transfer of knowledge to learners. The undertaking is usually in the form of questions during learning, and checklists used to mark performance of students in various subject contents. According to Cohen, Swerdlik and Sturman (2013), measures of general achievement are techniques for surveying learning in more than one academic area. General achievement measures classify learning areas in certain broad subsets. The most common subsets are reading, arithmetic, spelling and comprehension reading. The subsets have a

Tutorial School Essay Example for Free

Tutorial School Essay To most students, exams are detestable because they suffer greatly whenever an exam comes. Undeniably, examinations play such an important role in education of Hong Kong that they make students usually bury themselves among their books and notes during examinations. One way that students used to deal with exam is attending tutorial school. In recent years, tutorial schools have become popular among secondary school students. More and more students have been attending tutorial classes; even some of them have already gotten satisfactory results in their schools. One can easily find his/her friends and classmates joining tutorial class. We can also easily detect the great numbers of advertisements of the large-scale tutorial schools in the streets, televisions and magazines. In fact, is there a great trend in attending tutorial classes for secondary school students? Are these tutorial classes really beneficial to the students who have joined them? It will be interesting to study all these issues about the recent trend of attending tutorial classes. The objectives of this project are as follows: 1) to find out the reasons that make students go to tutorial schools 2) to see the effectiveness of attending tutorial classes 3) to distinguish whether this phenomenon is related to the mode of nowadays education system 2 Chapter 2 Methodology 2. 1 Choice of method Quantitative method was adopted for this project. A questionnaire was designed and issued to secondary students (From 1 to 7) through the internet and 66 samples were collected since it was convenient to set up questionnaires on net. 2. 2 Classification of the studying target In Hong Kong, the most popular kinds of tutorial course can be classified as private tutorial school, individual tutorial teachers and tutorial class held by school. For the last type, it is usually free of charge and for the purpose of helping those students with poor academic result or putting more focus on students who get good academic result. For this project, I intend to focus more on the first two kinds of tutorial courses since the third kind is usually arranged by the school and the purpose of which is not for making money. Also, whether joining its tutorial class is not decided by students. 2. 3 Target group For this project, all secondary school students will be my target groups because the condition of receiving tutoring among them is more common than that among primary school students, according to a research1, conducted in 2005 by Professor Bray from Hong Kong University, had shown that nearly 50% of primary and lower secondary students receive tutoring while at upper secondary the proportion students receiving tutoring is about 70%. The results of Form 4 to Form 7 students can especially be used in the part to investigate whether this phenomenon is related to the mode of nowadays education system. 1 Private Supplementary Tutoring: Comparative Perspectives on Patterns and Implications,2005 3 2. 4 Questions asked The questions asked were mainly related to the following areas: 1) The general information about the respondents, for example, which Form the respondents belong to, whether they have received tutoring, etc. 2) The reasons of attending tutorial classes, for example, the pressure from parents, following friends decision, and the self-orientated necessity, etc. 3) Some information about attending tutorial schools, for example, which types of tutorial class the respondents joined, how much they pay for receive tutoring per month, etc. 4) The factors concerned when choosing the tutorial school, for example, the popularity, following friends choice, the academic background of tutorial teachers, etc. 5) To what extend going to tutorial classes is effective, for example, it really helps them to get the knowledge, or it helps them to get good result only, etc. 6) The factors that stop students from attending tutorial classes. 7) The possible problems created by this phenomenon, for example, becoming not attentive in classes, time consuming, unfairness between poor and rich students, etc. 2. 5 Problems faced and solutions A few limitations about Internet questionnaires were predicted and observed; fortunately, most of them can be solved. Firstly, although writing the questionnaires in English would be more convenient for me to record down the findings, some respondents might find it difficult to understand the direct meanings of the questions and thus provided the false answers. Secondly, respondents, without seeing them directly, could do the questionnaires repeatedly and thus manipulated the results. Thirdly, respondents might lose temper if the questionnaires were time-consuming and troublesome to finish. As a result, they did the questionnaires playfully, without filling in the correct answers. Lastly, only a few options provided might not be enough to cover all the possibilities of the answers. In response to the above limitations, some improvements have been made as the followings. Firstly, the questionnaire was written in Chinese, which is the most familiar language to the respondents so that they could understand clearly of what the questions were asking. The results also show that all respondents could follow my instructions as none of them answer the questions that they didnt need, for example, respondents who receive tutoring dont need to answer Q15. 4 Secondly, I choose to produce the questionnaire in a website (www. my3q. com) where detection of the source of the received questionnaire form was possible so that if people did the questionnaire repeatedly, I would know. Thirdly, the questionnaire after amendment was only including 15 questions, while all questions are to the point. So that the respondents could fill in the questionnaires within a minute and at the same time I could get enough data I need. Lastly, I have included more options in the questionnaire, and if respondents still have other comments that are not included, they could choose the option â€Å"other†. I believe the proportion of choosing other will be small that not enough to influence the results. 5 Chapter 3 Literature review. There was mainly one previous research, which I could find and had been used to compare with the results of my findings. The research, â€Å"Private Supplementary Tutoring: Comparative Perspectives on Patterns and Implications†, was conducted by Professor Bray in Hong Kong University last year to investigate the Governments current policies on tutoring, the impact of tutoring on mainstream schooling and the society, such as the household expenditure, social equalities and mental development of children, etc. He investigated about 700 primary and secondary school students and found that nearly 50% of primary and lower secondary students receive tutoring; and at upper secondary the proportion is about 70%. Using this ratio, there are 500,000 primary and secondary students receiving tutoring. Professor Bray also found that the condition of joining tutorial class in Hong Kong is more serious than those of our neighboring countries, such as Japan and Korea. The reasons behind discovered were due to schools in Hong Kong usually focus on students academic results, and Hong Kong labor market as well as getting a place in University are very competitive, causing students to join tutorial class. However, Professor Bray pointed out the tutorial classes will cause adversely impacts on mainstream schooling, for example students receiving tutoring became less attentive in class, and influence students’ mental development. He also pointed out that the Government was not doing enough to prevent the existence of unqualified tutors. However, the survey had mainly focused on the reasons and impacts of attending tutorial classes, but less on the effectiveness of receiving tutoring and discussion of whether receiving tutoring is related to the mode of nowadays education system. Therefore, in this project, besides looking at the former 2 areas and comparing them with Professor Brays results, I had also investigated about latter 2 areas to provide some new information about the existing situation. 6 Chapter 4 Findings and Analysis 4. 1 General information of the questionnaire I posted the questionnaires in the Internet on 7/8/2006 and collected them on 24/8/2006. The respondents added up to a total of 66. 4. 2 Details of the results Analysis on the 3 kinds of tutoring Popularity of the 3 kinds of tutoring among different forms: From the above data, 10 of the respondents who received tutoring have received 1 to 1 tutoring, 17 of them have attended small-scale tutorial school and 21 of them have attended large-scale tutorial school. It shows that large-scale tutorial school has the biggest proportion of pupils to choose attending among the 3 choices. Moreover, the chart shows the relationship between the kinds of tutoring and the forms of respondents: The lower forms tend to attend 1 to 1 tutoring, while the higher forms trend to attend small-scale tutorial school and large-scale tutorial school. 7 Reasons for choosing different kinds of tutoring: According to Chart 4. 2, the main reason that respondents of all three kinds of tutoring will consider when choosing a tutor/tutorial class is â€Å"The recommendation of their friends or classmates†, where 34 respondents had chosen this item. As a contrast to Chart 4. 8 which shows that not much respondents will be influenced by friends or classmates to receive tutoring, Chart 4. 2 shows that 69% (34/48) of respondents will consider the recommendation of their friends or classmates when choosing a tutor/ tutorial school. It shows that the influence of peers will be more likely to appear only after respondents had made a decision to receive tutoring. On the other hand, besides the item â€Å"Others†, which none of the respondents had chosen the items that chosen by the least respondents of different kinds of tutoring are also different. For respondents receiving 1 to 1 tutoring and small scale tutoring, most likely they wont consider the item â€Å"results in public exam of students who received tutoring there† and â€Å"the advertisement of that tutor/tutorial school†. It is probably because of the insufficient of information and students usually are hard to know the results in public exam of students who received tutoring in l to l tutoring and small scale tutorial schools, and because there are not much advertisements that made by them. Therefore, respondents that consider these two factors important will not choose these two forms of tutoring. For respondents receiving large scale tutoring, most likely they wont consider the items â€Å"the convenience of location† and â€Å"The qualification of tutors†. It may due to the reasons that large scale tutorial schools cannot be found everywhere and respondents usually have to bear a transportation cost when going to them. Furthermore, the large scale tutorial schools will not advertise themselves about qualification of their tutors. Therefore, respondents consider these factors important will not choose this form of tutoring. 8 Effectiveness of the 3 kinds of tutoring: Major benefits Receiving tutoring in large scale school, most respondents can know the skills to answer questions, while receiving 1 to 1 tutoring and small scale tutorial school, most respondents get the knowledge. Generally speaking, 63% (31/48) of respondents can know well in answering questions after receiving tutoring, and at the same time 57% (28/48) of respondents can get the knowledge from receiving tutoring of all 3 kinds of tutoring. It shows that many tutors can teach their students the knowledge as well as the skills in answering questions. Only 4 respondents feel that they can get nothing helps from receiving tutoring and 2 respondents dont know what receiving tutoring helps them. It also shows that a few respondents will still receive tutoring even though they think it is helpless or they dont recognize what it helps. It should be due to the reason that among them, 5 of their tutorial fees are less than $200 per month and all of them are receiving tutoring for less than 5 hours per week. Receiving tutoring is not a financial burden to their family and doesnt influence their daily activities, so they continue. 9 Other benefits The above chart shows the advantages of receiving tutoring to students performance in lesson. As shown in Chart 4. 4, most respondents believe that the main changes of their attitude are â€Å"understand the lessons than before† and â€Å"remain unchanged†, which made up of 41. 6% (20/48) and 35. 4% (17/48) of the tutoring-portion. On the other hand, only 1 respondent say that he/she â€Å"becomes more concentrate than before† and 3 respondents say they â€Å"become less concentrate than before†. This result indicating that a higher portion of students are able to understand their lessons than before also echoes with Chart 4. 9 which states that 57% (28/48) of respondents can also get the knowledge from receiving tutoring. But this is also one of the possible reasons affecting a few students concentration in classes. 10. Shortages Respondents of all 3 kinds of tutoring most likely are unsatisfied with the expensive tutorial fee. The respondents receiving large scale tutoring are most likely to have the chance of raising questions, and this phenomenon is not commonly found among the other 2 kinds of tutoring. Small scale tutoring is the one that have the most of its students (29%) feeling no defects, while none of respondents receiving 1 to 1 tutoring think that there are no defects. On the other hand, 1 respondent thinks that the things taught are too simple. However, he/she also thinks that he/she still dont quite understand the contents of the books. The tutor may be teaching those things that the respondent already understood instead of going though those parts the respondent found difficult. Another possible reason is that the tutor is not able to answer the questions of the respondent. This reason is more possible because the respondent is receiving 1 to 1 tutoring, which is supposed to be easier to ask questions. Effectiveness in terms of the actual academic result. In general, respondents academic result is slightly improved after receiving tuition, especially for those who attend large scale tutoring. 11 Analysis on nowadays education systems The above chart shows that the number of respondents attending tutorial class is 2. 7 times of those not attending tutorial class. For Form 1-3, 12 of them are attending tutorial course while 9 of them are not. The percentage for Forml-3 respondents to attending tutorial classes over the total Form l-3 respondents is about 57%. For Form 4-5, 19 of them are attending tutorial course while 6 of them are not. The percentage for Form 4-5 respondents to attending tutorial classes over the total Form 4-5 respondents is about 76%. For Form 6-7, 17 of them are attending tutorial course while 3 of them are not. The percentage for Form 6-7 respondents to attending tutorial classes over the total Form 6-7 respondents is about 85%. From the above data, the comparison of percentages of difference groups shows that the group Form 6-7 is having the biggest proportion of students attending tutorial school and group Form 4-5 also have more percentage of students receiving tutoring than Form l-3. The higher the forms, the more the students receive tutoring. The result is the same as the one of Professor Brays research. The chart reflects some problems of the nowadays education system. 12 1) Pressure of attending public exams Students themselves view their academic result important and especially for Form 4-7, who have to attend the public exams. Therefore, 32 and 13 of them have attended tutorial schools for the reason â€Å"To improve their academic result† and â€Å"To maintain their academic result†. Not only respondents, their parents will also request them to attend tutorial class, but the influence of the parents to respondents of Form 6-7 will decrease. It shows the failure of the Government to promote â€Å"studying is not for mark†, as the traditional thinking that â€Å"academic result is very important† is still built in peoples heart firmly. 2) Lacking of trust to school teachers 33% (16/48) of students think that the tutors teaching method better than the school teachers. One possible reason for that might be because the tutors are more likely to be humor and can use more interesting way to present the knowledge to students. Another chart, Chart 4. 13, also shows that only 2% (l/48) of respondents that dont receive tutoring because he/she thinks that the school teachers are good enough. Although this result doesnt show whether respondents think that the school teachers are not good enough to teach them knowledge or not good enough to teach them examination skills, it still can indicate that respondents lack trust towards their school teachers. 3) Spoon-fed Education More than half of the respondents (26/48) receiving tutoring in order to look for skills to answer questions, especially for Form 4-5 and Form 6-7, which have 58% (11/19) and 64% +(11/17) of them attend tutorial school for this reason. It shows that the format of examination is not changing and people can get the trick to perform better in it. By face-to-face contact, students can ask questions more easily and the tutors can have more interaction between themselves and their students. On the other hand, receiving tutoring by video can also be viewed as a kind of â€Å"spoon-fed education†. Chart 4. 9 shows that 73% (35/48) of respondents think that receiving tutoring by face-to-face contact is better. Back to Chart 4. 5, 31% (15/48) of respondents think that there is too little time for students to raise questions when receiving tutoring. Both Chart 4. 9 and Chart 4. 5 suggest that general respondents desire two-ways teaching than single-way teaching actually. 13 Other Education Problems 1) Unbalance between studying and extra curricular activities: Chart 4. 10 shows that more than half (62. 5%) of the respondents usually receive tutoring less than 5 hours per week. It indicates that attending tutorial class consumes not much time too many respondents. However, Chart 4. 11 shows that nearly half of the respondents will have less time for activities other than studying. Are most of the respondents, saying that they have less time for activities other than studying, receiving tutoring more than 10 hours per week? Are most of the respondents, saying that they dont have less time for activities other than studying, receiving tutoring less than 10 hours per week? 14 The table declared 3S below shows that the answers for both questions above are: No. Table4. 1 (Combining Chart 4. 10 and Chart 4. 11): 15 hours 1 (33%) 2 (67%) Yes No After combining the two charts, I found that more than 50% of the respondents said they have less time for extra curricular activities, even though they receive tutoring less than or equal to 10 hours per week. At the same time, more than 65% of the respondents said they dont have less time for extra curricular activities, even they receive tutoring more than or equal to 10 hours per week. These suggest that how much time spending on receiving tutoring might not have direct relationship with affecting the time for having extra curricular activities. The contradicting result for more than 50% of respondents receiving tutoring less than 10 hours per week but having less time for extra curricular activities may due to the reason that although receive tutoring only a few hours per week, traveling to attend tutorial class takes time, or revision and homework are assigned by the tutors, or they choose to sacrifice the time for having extra curricular activities first when they have to receive tutoring. While the contradicting result for more than 60% of respondents receiving tutoring more than 10 hours per week but not having less time for extra curricular activities may due to the reason that these data are collected by a few number of respondents, that might not be able to reflect the general condition. In short, the result shows that it is quite unbalanced between studying and extra curricular activities for respondents. Some students may put too much time on studying and they may sacrifice their time for extra curricular activities (e. g.nearly 50% of the respondents have less time for activities other than studying after receiving tutoring). They may not have an all-round and well-balanced development. 15 2) Heavy financial burden to family and Unfairness between the rich and poor: From Chart 4. 11, most respondents usually pay more than $800 for the tutorial fee per month. It is the same as the results of the Census Statistics Department found in 04/052. According to the Census Statistics Department, the average monthly expenditure on tuition is $1069, $879 and $828 of students of lower secondary, upper secondary and preparatory course respectively. Chart4. tt shows that the tutorial fee of the respondents is mostly bore by then-parents, which would become a financial burden of their family. None of them receive tutoring freely. Besides, only one respondent will pay the tutorial fee by himself/herself, using the money he/she got from his/her part-time job. This may affect his/her studies and health if he/she put too much time on doing part-time job. Fortunately, most respondents dont need to do so. As mentioned before, receiving tutoring may become a financial burden to the family and most respondents of not receiving tutoring because of the expensive tutorial fees. Even for those who receive tutoring, 63% (30/48) of them said the tutorial fee is expensive. This may create the unfairness between the rich and the poor that only those who can afford can receive tutoring. 16 Chapter 5 Conclusion Unlike what the impression of the general public, attending tutorial schools are not only teaching skills for students to tackle the examinations. Other than that, it can also provide quite a lot of benefits to students, such as getting the knowledge and having more confidence, as well as providing benefits to school, because students are able to understand the lessons better. It can be viewed as a useful assisting tool for teaching students besides the normal school. However, the trend that more and more students received tutoring reflects some problems about the existing education system as well as creating some new problems. The existing education system is emphasizing too much on the academic results and making students have a wrong attitude that the most important thing is to get high score. Besides, the spoon-feeding way of teaching used makes students not encourage to have critical thinking. Yet, it is fortunate to find that general respondents desire 2-ways interaction actually. To change peoples traditional thinking of getting high score is the most important is still a long way to go. It is hoped that the government can promote to the society that the importance to learn the knowledge is as same important as, if not more than, getting the marks, and also getting high score is not the only way to reach success. On the other hand, changing the traditional teaching method may be one of the solutions. Students interest in learning will be aroused and students can develop critical thinking instead of just receiving what have been told, by using 2-ways interaction. Teachers can also try to have a more interesting way to teach, for example, using real life examples to explain the difficult theories in books 17 Reflection After completing this study, I have a better understanding of the reasons for and impact on teenagers who attend tutorial classes. Unlike many people’s suspicion of the benefits of tutorial classes, the survey results indicated how the positive impact of tutorial classes attracted students. However, there may be a need to collect more data to further reveal the relationships between the traditional teaching methods in schools and the trend of attending tutorial classes. (Word count: 3797) 18 Chapter 6 Bibliography 1. ‘Private Supplementary Tutoring: Implications’, Mark Bray, 2005 Comparative Perspectives on Patterns and 2. Latest 2004/05-based Consumer Price Indices, Census Statistics Department, 2005 3. Youth Opinion Polls No34 Students and Private Tuition, Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups (HKFYG), May 1996 4. , * · , *  ·1994  · 5.  ·1992 6. 2000 19 Appendix Questionnaire 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Marks awarded and Comments: Title: Stage III: Marks Comments: Is attending tutorial classes a new trend? 5-6 The candidate is able to explain how s/he discerns the research direction with the knowledge basis from the literature review. Furthermore, analytical skills are demonstrated by the manipulation and integration of data to enrich the findings from the survey. Though the candidate is able to put forward suggestions with reference to the findings, s/he does not justify well the conclusion by employing and analyzing the data. There is a sweeping argument of relating the trend of attending tutorial classes to the spoon-feeding education system. Also, one of the enquiry questions, â€Å"Is there a trend in attending tutorial classes for secondary school students†, is not addressed in the study. 32

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Main Advantages In Harmonization Of International Accounting Accounting Essay

Main Advantages In Harmonization Of International Accounting Accounting Essay Introduction The main purpose of this report is to point out the main advantages that could be benefited from International accounting and the obstacles to the harmonization of this system. The history of accounting began 600 years ago when first accounting records were found; the system of bookkeeping pair was gradually introduced in the early 14th century in some trading centres in Italy. After that due to increasing trade around the world people from all regions started to do book keeping and in different timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s different committees, joint stocks and mechanisms were found to do international level trading. As the world developed more there was a need of a system for dealing with international finances therefore in June 1973 International Accounting Standards Board Committee (IASC) was established as a result of the agreement made between accounting bodies in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, England, Ireland and the United States, and these countr ies were IASC Board at that time. IASC operated from 1973 to 2001 until it evolved into IASB (International Accounting standards board). IASB possess advantages that can benefit the whole world but there are obstacles to the harmonization of international accounting, both advantages and obstacles are listed with details in the report. The report then moves on to the three issues that may arise in relation to the provision of relevant and reliable information in financial statements such as both of them are related to each other that the emphasis on one will hurt the other. And in the last part of the report the qualitative characteristics of financial statements such as timely, relevant, reliable and comparable as defined in the Framework are explained and discussed. Main advantages in harmonization of international accounting There are many advantages linked with the harmonization of international accounting. Main of them are listed and explained below: The economy of the world can be benefited by more educated decisions which could result in the improvement of global economic growth. The accounting information can be explained by the experts, this would reduce the risk of investment. By adapting international accounting the companies and industries could increase the ability to compare with similar companies and industries and make investment decision with more intelligence. Harmonization of international accounting would facilitate entrepreneurs and financial experts from all over the world to invest internationally. It would reduce the cost of reconciling account information for multi-national companies. Stock exchanges from all over the world could benefit from the standardization of international accounting, as more companies begin to adapt the international standard, they will become more eligible for listing. Obstacles in harmonization of international accounting: Despite of useful advantages of international accounting, there are barriers which prevent harmonization of international accounting from exceeding; some of them are as following: Different countries have different accounting methods that are regulated in different degrees by their government. Another issue is that many capital markets have adjusted into the international business without International accounting and they believe that present system is working well enough and International accounting would only complicate things. Naturalism is another threat to harmonization of international accounts as countries are wary of ceding control of their accounting regulation to outsiders. Poor countries believe that harmonization of international accounting is an implantation of standards by powerful countries. IASB (International Accounting Standards Board): IASC (International accounting standards board Committee) was established in 1973 which evolved in IASB (International accounting standards board) in 2001. IASB is an independent regulatory body based in U.K. It has 15 members from 9 countries each with various functional backgrounds. The board aim is to develop a single-set of high quality, understandable, relevant, comparable and enforceable global accounting standards. IASB presented four frameworks; first and second in 1989, third in 2001 and the fourth and present one in 2010. The framework of IASB describes the basic concepts of preparing and presenting the financial statements for external users. The qualitative characteristics of financial statements according to IASB frame work are following: Understandable Relevant Reliable Comparable Issues in provision of relevant and reliable information Relevance and reliability both are essential for the better quality of the financial information but both are related to each other in such a way that effect on one will hurt the other and vice versa, for example accounting information is relevant when it is provided in time but in initial stages it is not very reliable but as it becomes reliable with time it does not remain relevant. Second issue with the provision of two qualities is that the two qualities are not independent of each other, that is, perceived relevance by users is dependent on the perceived level of reliability. The third problem is that the level of reliability cannot remain or increase with the introduction of fair value measurement; as such, the discussion has assumed the presence of a relevance reliability trade-off i.e. the move to relevance is decrease to reliability.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Global strategy of computer manufacturers and the digital divide

Global strategy of computer manufacturers and the digital divide Introduction The computer industry had not existed before the Second World War, but today it will be difficult to imagine an office without a personal computer (Dedrick, 1998, 4). Over the years, the continuing changes in computing and information technology (IT) have confounded expectations and challenged the traditional concept of competition. Improvements in performance and capabilities of computer-related technologies have been dramatic to say the least and prices have declined substantially over the years. Public and private sector research on computer-related technologies is considered as being critical for advancement and multinational corporations from the United States of America have created a massive production network to cater for global demand. However, ongoing competition, changes in the market for computers and computer-related technologies together with changes in technology keep computer manufacturers on their toes. Yet, despite the advances in computer-related technologies, imp rovements in global standards of living and declining prices of the previously mentioned technologies, exclusion or a lack of access to computers and computer-related technologies continues to present a threat to the establishment of information societies in many countries in the developed and the developing world (Ferro, 2010, Chapter 1). Access to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is important for effective participation in the twenty-first century (Ferro, 2010, Chapter 1). Without access to the ICT, it is impossible to tap into the knowledge and information available on the World Wide Web and the ability to communicate with others becomes restricted. Computers are not only needed for a wide variety of tasks that are now considered as being a part of life, such as word processing or quantitative manipulation, these tools are also useful for sophisticated modelling and simulation for business and a wide variety of other fields of human endeavour. Skills in computing are essential for employment that is better than the mediocre and without ICT lifelong learning is likely to remain a dream. Thus, those without access to computers lose out and find it difficult to progress materially or intellectually. Communities without access to the ICT find that they are cut off from the world, and that they can do lit tle to improve their lot and that of those who are a part of them. Those who can develop websites to present their business messages find that they do have access to a global market, even if they must compete with their products and ideas. Although the capacity of an individual or a community to afford ICT, including personal computers and the Internet access hardware and infrastructure that enable computers to communicate is a factor that contributes to digital divide, this is not by any means the only one (Ferro, 2010, 8 10) and (Partridge, 2007, iv). In addition, the digital divide is not a phenomenon that only afflicts the underdeveloped world. However, computer manufacturers can play a role in helping individuals and communities have better access to the ICT and their global strategy does make a difference. Clearly, the computer industry and manufacturers together with many millions around the world will benefit if many more pieces of ICT equipment are made available to users. However, global manufacturing, markets, innovation and developments in technology together with a concern for profits influence the global strategy of multinationals and other manufacturers of ICT. Thus, it makes sense to try to understand better perspectives related to digital divide and global manufacturing strategy of computer manufacturers. A literature review for global strategy of computer manufacturers and digital divide will be of interest to anyone who has an interest in technology, computing, multinationals, development and the ICT. It is with the previously mentioned considerations in mind that a literature review for the topic of discussion is attempted. Literature Review IBM had played a unique role in the evolution of the computer industry in the United States of America from the 1950s to the 1990s by being both a path definer and a protagonist which integrated electronics technology with its punched-card tabulators to capture most of the worlds computer market in 1954 (Chandler, 2001, 245 250). Later, this firm was to develop the System 360 after very substantial investments in research to create formidable barriers to entry into the computer industry which were only challenged by Japan at a later stage. United States of America continued to dominate the computer markets when Intel released its first microprocessor and Microsoft developed an operating system for the first personal computer. Because all personal computers had to use the Intel microprocessor and the Microsoft operating system, a superb competitive advantage was created for the previously mentioned firms and their home country, the United States of America. This competitive advantage was pushed further by other firms including Sun Microsystems, Texas Instruments, Silicon Graphics, Motorola and Compaq, which developed the first laptop computer. Thus, even today, relatively few firms control computer technology and its ongoing development resulting in a situation that is close to being oligopolistic. According to Johnson (2005, Chapter 2), a need for capturing more income and global markets prompted players in United States computer industry to try to capture overseas markets, but many other nations were only able to purchase readymade or assembled products. The very large investments required to develop computer technology, together with what was required in the form of skills meant that only Japan could present a challenge to the United States computer industry. Constant innovation and improvements in design and technology presented serious problems for those wanting to catch up. Proliferation of new ICT technology was only gradual even in the United States of America, because knowledge of core technology was lacking and licensing, external research contracts, hiring of former skilled employees and alliances or joint ventures only resulted in a gradual transfer of the core technologies (Viardot, 2004, 58 64). However, after core technologies had gradually proliferated, further innovation and improvement determined market leadership. Those that were committed to developing state-of-the-art technology and helping customers to apply it to solve their problems were more successful, but when technology evolved and the nature of customers problems changed, the firm had to change too (Viardot, 2004, xiii). Viardot (2004, Chapter 1) goes further to suggest that high-tech products have a short life-cycle and use sophisticated core technologies that are difficult to copy. Moors Law for integrated circuits suggests that markedly superior integrated circuits, including microprocessors or memory chips, are likely to become available every eighteen month or so. Thus, after developing a high-tech product, the firm must rapidly bring it out to market and sell it to recoup its research and development expenses and the investments made in manufacturing operations. In addition, uncertainty about the direction of evolution of new technology and a need for upgrading product models requires that funds are made available for further research, development and innovation. Thus, the pricing strategy for a high-tech product requires that the sales margins provide for manufacturing costs, distribution costs, channel costs, innovation costs and costs for bringing out new models and for retooling as well as reserves for a competitor response, etc. This clearly means that, unless markets guarantee that products will sell well, the price will remain high (Jain, 1999, Chapter 15). Economies of scale operates when a high-tech manufacturing firm is assured that it can recoup its costs or when a enough units had been sold to provide for development costs. Clearly, high tech innovators and manufacturers cannot supply ICT free to everyone because this will not make economic sense (Keyes, 2010, 59 73). In addition, fundamental business values and capitalism cannot permit everyone around the world to be taught how to design an integrated circuit and be provided all the sophisticated equipment required for integrated circuit fabrication or research. Wages for those working with high-technology in developed countries are far higher than in other countries, even though the laws of supply and demand do dictate what is possible to be asked for a high-tech ICT product. Dedrick (1998, 50 55) states that it was the invention of the personal computer (PC) which led to the globalisation of the computer industry, with multinationals creating a production network that took advantage of local capabilities to serve markets around the world. Parts used for assembling a PC were outsourced competitively, and it was in Microsofts interest to be able to license its operating systems for use by all computer manufacturers because this meant capturing the market. Thus, even today Microsoft operating systems and other software products, such as Microsoft Office, remain the most popular around the world. Because Microsoft had early mover advantage, it could develop its products to present quality that remains unmatched by others even today. By trying to seek the lowest prices for its PC components, IBM encouraged suppliers to enter large volume manufacturing and this meant that prices gradually dropped. By copyrighting the Basic Input Output System (BIOS) for its c omputers, the program which connects computer hardware to the operating system, IBM had tried to ensure that others could not copy its personal computers. Despite this, Compaq reverse engineered the BIOS by analysing leading software applications to produce its own computer, but others who had directly copied the IBM BIOS were sued. Standardisation provided Microsoft and others in the industry with greater leverage, creating an open architecture that encouraged new players who could build their own PCs provided, they purchased microprocessors from Intel, BIOS from a suitable supplier and operating system from Microsoft. Dedrick (1998, 58 75) goes on to suggest that the evolution of the global PC industry was moulded by intense competition among PC manufacturers who now had an open architecture, but could purchase licensed BIOS and Microsoft operating systems. Thus, the actual manufacturing of PCs was located in regions that presented cheap labour and close to markets in locations that optimised the interests of manufacturers. Massive investments in DRAM memory chip developments by Japanese and South Korean electronic multinationals were to mean that they retain leadership in this technology even today, but actual manufacturing has now shifted to East Asia from where labour costs are low and shipments to Japan, North America, Europe and other markets are possible. Only designing, new technology development and marketing are retained in the United States of America, with a certain shift to cheaper locations, such as Bangalore in India, where skills and expertise in certain technologies are available cheaply. Thus, it is only proper to conclude that computer manufacturers have tried to do that which will reduce prices together with making profits while providing funds for future research. However, despite this many around the world suffer from a lack of access to ICT. A shift towards horizontal integration rather than vertical integration was the driving force behind the globalisation of the PC industry (Dedrick, 1998, 68 75). East Asian countries could develop strong linkages with the global production system for PC coordinated by the United States of America because they possessed national industry infrastructure and had gained an expertise in exporting, they indulged in aggressive outward-oriented national policies to develop national industries, and they had prior experience in electronics manufacturing. Although, it may appear a casual observer that superior design and technology alone will provide a competitive advantage for the marketing of high-tech products, including the ICT, this is not quite correct. Jager (1997, Chapter 8), which presents the story of Dell Computer Corporation indicates that offering superior service and ease in purchasing quality computers over the phone can help support a superior product. In addition, reducing cost overheads involved with retail could benefit both Dell Computer Corporation and its customers. Thus, Dell Corporation which had revolutionised the idea that customers could purchase direct from the manufacturer over the phone without any retail store being involved provided better deals to its customers. This company was to grow from a $6 million company in 1984 to $69 million in 1987 and $546 million in 1991. Clearly, better pricing made possible by eliminating the retailer, superior service and the high-quality computing machines sold by Dell Corporation satisfied a vast majority of customers to make such spectacular growth possible. Obviously market capture is important, and it is right to do that which will appeal to the market. It will be right to say that over the years, economic development and consolidation of the global production system for PC has presented established markets and locations. However, the opening up of China not only provided a vast new market in which multinationals could compete, but this also enabled Chinese multinationals to compete more aggressively on international markets (Larcon, 2009, 195 205). Lenovo Group has been a unique success story in Chinas corporate world and this group recently strengthened its position in global markets by acquiring the PC division of IBM for US$1.25 billion in cash and shares, with US$500 million in debts. IBM was more interested in focusing on service, software development and server technology. In addition, IBM hoped to benefit from the sale of its PC division to Lenovo by targeting Chinese banks, government agencies and manufacturing companies, while Lenovo was to remain a preferred supplier to IBM global services. Lenovo, which had a 27% share of the PC market in China, with an iron grip on government and education markets, and a 12.2% share in the Asia-Pacific region, (excluding Japan), now derives only 2% of its annual global sales from the Chinese markets and can compete with Dell Corporation and Hewlett-Packard. The world is now witnessing a large scale reconfiguration of value chains related to ICT as large Western firms focus their activities on core and more profitable markets in comparison to the mature markets. According to Larcon (2009, 198 200), the sources of competitive advantage now exhaust progressively, possibilities for differentiation are now thinner and margins erode as products become commoditised. Innovations in products are difficult to sustain because these innovations are now easily copied and claims of technical superiority are difficult to prove due to product commoditisation. However, locating in cheap labour markets with high automation in production can provide China with opportunities for co mpeting. The Research Markets (2004, â€Å"Computer Company Strategy Their New Developments in the Digital Consumer Electronics Market†) states that many computer manufacturing firms were now poaching into each others markets and looking for new sources of competitive advantage. According to the previously mentioned report, household penetration of computers in the United States of America had reached 80%, and it was unlikely that any further growth could be sustained even by estimates presented by the computer industry. Subsequently, the prevailing global financial recession of 2008 2010 adversely impacted global sales of computers and all computer manufacturers, including Dell Corporation, were trying to find ways for sustaining price declines in an effort to increase sales. Thus, moving to cheaper locations for manufacturing computers and cutting costs proved to be essential for everyone. Computer manufacturers in China continued to adjust their strategies in the face of shrinkin g demand and Dell Corporation announced the closure of its plant in Ireland to shift production to Poland, which offers cheaper operating cost for manufacturing (Wikipedia, 2009, â€Å"Dell†) and (C114, 2008, â€Å"Chinese computer manufacturers adjusting strategies for 2009 as market demand shrinks†). Manufacturers in China are now targeting rural markets with the assistance of the government of China, which has decided to include computers among its list of household subsidised goods for its citizens. Clearly, the previously mentioned strategy will work to bring computers into the lives of very many more people to diminish the effects of the digital divide and boost the rural areas of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). Examination of news headlines associated with major computer manufacturers, including Dell Corporation and Hewlett-Packard, on Yahoo Finance and Google Finance suggest that efforts are ongoing to bring more innovation into offerings made available by the global computer industry (Yahoo Finance, 2010, â€Å"Search Results for Dell and HP†) and (Google Finance, 2010, â€Å"Search Results for Dell and HP†). However, it will appear that price competition will intensify in the computer industry because according to Acer CEO, Stan Shih, the trend for low price computers will continue for the coming years, but the high wages of US$20 per hour in the United States of America in comparison to US$1 in PRC make it impossible for United States manufacturers to compete with cheap products (Alberts, 2010, â€Å"Asias Laptop Ascendance?†). Tech vendors are now developing new products faster and chip sales have improved due to demand for newer chips for new types of computers an d high-tech gadgets (Wall Street Journal, 2010, â€Å"Search Results for Computers†). Thus, it will appear that the price of the latest computer with the latest technology will fall but the prices of second hand computers, which can still work will fall even more. Thus, it appears that computers are now even more affordable than ever and this trend will continue for the future. Although today computer manufacturers have to think hard and deep to innovate new products that attract customers, it will appear that further developments and improvements in personal, handheld or notebook computers are still possible. Research in ubiquitous, mobile and context aware computing will suggest that many new innovations are possible to be included into the portable gadget that individuals are likely to carry around with them as their personal computer (Stojanovic, 2009, Chapter 1) and (Symonds, 2009, Chapter 1). It is likely that a personal computing device of the future will contain a number of sensors that will enable it to determine its location and depending on where the device is located and the context that dominates within this location, the personal computing device will interact with its human user to suite the location and the dominant context. Thus, much more can be added to what is available in the form of a laptop, notebook or a mobile computing device. Howe ver, it is likely that the computer manufacturers are waiting and saving to get out of the economic downturn to bring new futuristic products when they are likely to sell. Obviously, standardisation and further developments in networks will have to support such mobile context aware devices and this means that the economic climate must right to be able to support implementation of ideas, which have been demonstrated in the laboratory. The technology exists, but it as to be rolled out for commercialisation and mass production. Even those living in developed countries and their communities cannot upgrade their networks, computing hardware and software every day. Although laptop and notebook computers today have built-in cameras and Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID) as well as finger print identification, the developed world still waits for ubiquitous grids, ambient intelligence, ubiquitous networking and proliferation of applications for RFID, such as contactless payment sy stems (Symonds, 2009, Chapter 1). The previously mentioned will only appear when the economy is right. Gupta (2009, Chapter 7) states that in the relatively near future, organisations will have to change their mindset to thrive and to sustain competitive advantage. It will be necessary for all to rethink their global strategy, rethink innovation, organisation and to develop a global mindset rather than a local or a national mindset. Global strategy must be designed with a view to trying to capture the largest share in the global market. Thus, emerging economies of China and India should be considered for inclusion even though the purchasing power of consumers in these countries is far below that of the developed West. Perhaps if Microsoft had been willing to sell its operating systems and other software in emerging economies at prices that considered local spending power, software piracy would have been much reduced and earnings for Microsoft boosted. Such a strategy would have benefited everyone, but this did not materialise. Customised solutions to suite the local market should be a vailable with global players. It is important to judiciously globalise the corporate resource base and to balance the need for global integration with the need for local responsiveness. It is likely that the end game in globalisation will not be global standardisation, but global customisation to suite local markets, local requirements and local conditions. Obviously, customisation for emerging and low income countries should perhaps tilt towards making products more affordable. Innovation needs to focus on saving resources that have become depleted due to human activity and extravagance. It is important to remember that dwindling reserves of fossil fuels cannot sustain the huge international trade volumes that persist today. Thus, sustainable production for sustaining standards and innovation on all fronts is important. Gupta (2009, Chapter 7) continues on to state that in the future, manufacturers will have to contend with a constant and rapid evolution of technology that will require that products change to suite. The author presents an example of books that used to be purchased in brick and mortar stores now being downloaded into book readers, PDAs or laptops, with these books changing dynamically as authors add new material. In the future, it will be difficult for a firm to remain secretive about its operations because the Internet will make news, information, balance sheets and other matters transparent to everyone with an interest. New competitors and alliances from emerging countries will have an impact on business and the previously mentioned example of Lenovo presenting a new force in production serves to illustrate this. Innovation directed towards developing new products in a collaborative manner to combine knowledge, resources and technologies will become necessary. Global hubs that coor dinate together to operate synergistically for the global and local benefit will be the shape of the organisation of the future. A strong corporate culture will act as a cohesive force and executives will be willing to benefit from and present benefits to the global diversity rather than succumbing to it by building bridges rather than moats. It can be hoped that when gradually conditions emerge that will enable global multinationals to give and to receive from all, digital divide will diminish more, but it is important to remember that all, including the disadvantaged, will contribute to improve the future (United Nations ESCAP, 2006, 20 26) and (United Nations ESCAP, 2005, 1 23). Governments, the civil society, the individual and ICT manufacturers must all work together to create sustainable solutions because it is important to remember that products of innovation that benefit humanity are made possible by sharing skills, knowledge, effort and making judicious investments. It costs to acquire skills, learn and to take risks to innovate. Thus, it will be unfair to blame entirely the manufacturers for not trying hard enough. However, ICT manufacturers too must be willing to lean towards customisation to suite market conditions rather than insisting on standardisation that will deliberately the underprivileged at an even greater disadvantage. Conclusion It is clear from the discussion presented that although the global economic recession of 2008 2010 and saturation in the developed markets has contributed to the downturn in the ICT industry, computer manufacturers are not yet out of ideas for new products and innovations that will benefit humanity and present a demand in the market. However, it is in the interest of ICT manufacturers to take a global view to do more to benefit and to benefit from emerging markets. Standardisation of products and prices has failed to deliver. Customisation for local conditions will result in benefits for all, but all parties including the individual, government, civic society and the non-governmental sector must contribute while trying to understand perspectives.

Monday, August 19, 2019

Could biotechnology solve food shortage problem? Essay -- Hunger, FAO,

Food shortage is a global problem and tragedy of the world. There are almost 1 billion people who suffer from incessant hunger. Every 6 seconds a child dies from hunger (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2010). It is unacceptable that number of hungry people is so high. Hunger is continuous, serious and structural problem, which could not be solved in one day. Different world organizations, scientists, economists, politics care about undernourished people and try to find ways for reducing their number. Fortunately, according to FAO in 2010 noted the reduction of hunger of 9.6 percent from 2009 level. Most of all it decreased in Asia, there are 80 million less hunger people. Africa is the only area where poverty and hunger are going on to increase. The number of Africans living on less than one dollar per day has increased 50 percent for the last fifteen years (Paarlberg, 2008). 239 million people of sub- Saharan Africa suffer from malnutrition (FAO, 2010). It is 25.8% of all hungry people in the world. Why are so many Africans still hungry? What are the reasons of their poverty? In general, main reasons are political instability, poorly developed economy, nonproductive farming, etc, but each country has special details. This project will investigate whether subsistence farmers of sub-Saharan Africa can use biotechnology’s advantages. Economy based on subsistence agriculture. For solving malnutrition problem, we need to solve poverty problem, because if people will have jobs, safety place to live, and education they get enough money for food. Now Africa is poor, economy of sub-Saharan Africa’s countries based on agriculture, applying for almost 45% of GDP, and 85% of total employment and most of pe... ...ieve new level of economy when sub-Saharan Africans will work and have enough food for stable and safe lives. Of course, advantages of biotechnology is very useful for enhancing product’s quality, nutrition , for protecting parts of plant like root from different diseases, but for solving food shortage in Sub-Saharan Africa it is essential to solve economical problems. In example of some countries it is clear to notice that food shortage is consequence of poverty. To sum up, sub-Saharan Africa need help from abroad – infestations. Africa has good potential; there are a lot of minerals, precious metals. Also there are good conditions for tourism industry. For example, Ethiopia could develop tourism industry. Wild nature, rich history, ancient towns attract people around the world. Thinking about future it is important to invest to qualified education.