Bernie Ebbers and Scott Sullivan

What power bases did Bernie Ebbers and Scott Sullivan rely on to get away with accounting fraud? The power bases are legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, dear power, referent power. Case Study Bernie Ebbers built WorldCom Inc into unmatched of the largest telecommunication firms. Yet he and CFO Scott Sullivan have become better known for creating a ample corporate accouting fraud that led to the largest bankruptcy in US history. Two investigative reports and subsequent court cases concluded that WorldCom executoves were responsible for billions in unsound or unsupported accouting entries.How did this mammoth accouting scandal occur without anyone raising the alarm? Evidence suggests that Ebbers and Sullivan help considerable power and fix that prevented accouting staff from complaining, or even knowing, near the fraud. Ebbers inner circle held tight control over the flow of all financial information. The geographically dispersed accouting groups were discouraged from sharing information. Ebbers group also dependent distribution of company level financial reports and prevented sensitive reports from being prepared at all.Accountants didnt even have access to the computer files in which any(prenominal) of the largest fraudulent entries were mde. As a result, employees had to rely on Ebbers executive team to justify the accounting entries that were requested. Another reason why employeees complied with questionable accoutong practices was that CFO Scott Sullivan wielded immense ad hominem power. He was considered a "whiz kid" with impeccable integrity who had won the prestigious "CFO Excellence Award. quot Thus, when Sullivans office asked staff to make questionable entries, some accountants assumed Sullivan had found an innovative and legal accouunting loophole. If Sullivans influence didnt work, other executives took a more coercive approach. Employees cited incidents where they were publicly berated for questioning headquarters d ecisions and intimidated if they asked for more information. When one employer at a branch refused to alter an accouting entry , WorldComs contoller threatened to fly in from WorldComs Mississippi headquarters to make the change himself.The employ changed the entry. Ebbers has similar influence over WorldComs board of directors. Sources indicate that his personal charisma and intolerance of dissention produced a passive board that rubber-stamped most of his recommendations. As one report concluded The room of Directord appears to have embraced suggestions by Mr. Ebbers without question or dissent, even under circumstances where its members now readily acknowledge they had significant misgivings regarding his recommendedd couse of action.

Personal Financial Planning Worksheet Essay

Based on your readings and discussions in class this week, answer the following multiple choice questions.1. The mathematical dish up of creating a detailed innovation to meet your fiscal needs and prepare for the future is calleda. developing goalsb. private financial schemeningc. collecting financial informationd. individualised financeThe answer would be (B) ad hominem financial planning.2. Which of the following is not one of the five major steps of the financial planning process?a. Analyze your on-going finances.b. Establish and implement your plan.c. Collect and organize your financial information.d. Reevaluate and revise your plan as needed.The answer would be ( C) Collect and organize your financial information.3. Which phase in life is ordinarily associated with focus on marriage, family, purchasing a home, and career development?a. Teenage yearsb. Between your 50s and 60sc)Late 20s by means of your 40sc. During retirementThe answer would be (c)4. Which of the foll owing is a benefit of having a college degree that can regard your financial planning?a. The potential to make a higher salaryb. Jobs with retirement plans and benefitsc. The ability to touch promotions and wage increasesd. All of the aboveThe answer would be (D) All of the above5. Which of the following elements of a house-to-house financial plan involves analyzing future needs, such as saving for retirement or college funding for dep eat upents?a. construction wealthb. Securing basic needsc. Establishing a firm foundationd. Protecting wealth and dependentsThe answer would be (a) Building wealthDirectionsRespond to the following short-answer questions in 50-to 100-words6. People pay different styles when it comes to handling their cash. inclination of an orbit the two things that extend to your ad hominem beliefs and opinions about financial planning. How well do you feel you manage your notes? Can you spot areas for improvement in your money management style, and if so, w here/how? I feel lthat I forefathert manage my money as well as I should . I find myself waisting money on things I dont need.I defiently need to improve on making a number when going to the grocery store.I always write a list but never stick to it .I end up spending more money than I budget for.7. Which element of the comprehensive financial plan focuses on your housingneeds, setting aside money for emergencies, and establishing a career path? Consider your witness finances. Do currectly own a vehicle and/or home? If yes, how well do you manage periodic home and political machine expenses? How well do you save for unforeseen expenses? I manage my home and auto expenses pretty well . I place these things high priority. With having kids things are pretty tight . I have a small rainey day savings. I try to save for things like this as much as possible , because my car and home is two things I need.8. The economy is unpredictable and can affect your personal financial planning. Li st one factor in economic conditions that may affect your financial future. How could you degrade the impact of that factor on your finances?One factor in economic conditions that may affect my financial future would be Job employment and security. In a tough economy its badly to maintain a job and job security. To reduce the impact of job employment I will save and do whats needed to maintain my job. That is honestly the best plan for me in this economy.9. Which step in the five-step financial planning process requires you to organize your financial information, create personal financial statements, and evaluate your current financial position? meet you ever completed this step? If so, is it still applicable to your current financial situation? If not, do you plan to do this soon? Why or why not?10. feel Five in the five-step financial planning process discusses the importance of regularly reevaluating and revising your plan because personal circumstances often change. List two life changes that may require you to update your financial plan. Have you recently experienced a change that requires you to reevaluate your financial plan? If so, what was it and how have you accommodated it? (Please share just what you are comfortable sharing)

A Child in Pre-Revolutionary America

Perhaps I am too young to be on the right side, my engender told me. As a pentad year old in Pre-Revolutionary America, I am unable to understand the true meaning of the writs of assist or the Sugar Act.However, I feel enough for my family and the sight I love to want nonviolence to prevail. In other words, I would non want bloodshed to enter my home, nor affect the friends I shit got here, including the few British friends I have recently made and who are honestly good to me. I know about the Indian clashes against the British.While they were happening as they still do from time to time my mother was silent most of the time. Yet, my father, who is a prominent lawyer and the owner of a large estate, which is referred to as a Colonial home, told me everything possible about a bigger war that may or may non be pass overed, depending upon the conditions between the British Empire and the people of the Colonies.My father is a great man. My mother tells me that protactinium is visited by both(prenominal) of the brightest people in the Colonies. And yet, I can non force myself to believe in him when he tells me that the people are gener each(prenominal)y unhappy with the British Empire.When I was born, the British Empire was my so-called ruler anyway. I did not care that they formed my government. Neither do I care now. I would rather acknowledge the British Empire to stay on and pursue their goals in the Colonies, than to see war kill my family and all of my friends. My mother, who writes poetry, tells me that my father might have to go to some of the most influential people of America and hash out them in the event of a big war. I do not want to believe her.More importantly, I fear for her more than anything else, perhaps, in the event that my father goes away during the big war that is expected and not expected at the same time. At one time when my father became seriously ill, my mother nearly died of sadness. She wrote and published a beautiful, s ad rime in the New York Mercury at the time. When she read the poem to me and told me how appreciated the poem was by all the people who knew her, I informed her that she need not be sad anymore because she has succeeded.She reminded me, however, that it is perfectly appropriate to be sad in the event of ones husbands illness. I changed the topic then. But I somehow gathered that at the corroborate of her mind was the fear that my father might lose his life during a big war with the British Empire that the people in the Colonies were about ready to wage. Perhaps a poem would not be able to alleviate her suffering at a time like thatThe other day when some so-called intellectuals were visiting my home, my mother told me that they were asking all the women at the gathering, including herself, to consider working on the fashions of the measure that would have nothing whatsoever to do with the British imported fashions. Mom explained to me later that even my costume was British most of the time. Dad said that that was not true.Perhaps it is only in part true that I wear the kinds of clothes that British children wear in America. And so, Mom was asked along with many other women to start commemorateing of new fashions that could be introduced in the absence of the British after the big expected and surprising war.Although I do not know yet what the new fashions may or may not be, I would be interested in seeing my mother act creatively while aim the new clothes, and stop thinking about war while she is at it. Maybe she does not think about war all of the time. But I feel that she does.

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries

TEVA Pharmaceutical Industries,Ltd Problem statement After m each age of successful harvest-feast in the Generic Pharmaceutical intentness, competing against the biggest western Pharmaceutical companies, TEVA Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd the major and biggest role player in this competitive indus get wind, has reached a point where after acquiring many different pharmaceutical companies and achieving his 1 billion dollar theory goal, seem to fork over lost focus and found themselves in desire of wadting a new goal that will give them, future vision and will swear out them avoid being scattered all around the commercialise and dispersing their confine budget ?On iodin hand is the global market for generics, where many new get-go- exist players atomic number 18 growing using Tevas exact uniform successful formula to capture market sh are and existent gigantic mod players are pass awaying to incur, making of this specific industry a very challenging wiz with fast(a ) disceptation, collapsed prices and very low profits. On the opposite hand, the advanced(a) drug market, an unknown market for Teva, where the capital enthronement is accounted in billions in expenses in R&D, and growth is evaluate to slow down, the possibilities for laid-back r level(p)ues are greater than Teva fucking imagine. External Analysis Industry The Pharmaceutical industry, a 600 billion industry, has been growing at an rough rate of 12% over the last five years, with a typical ROE of 20%, among the highest of any industry.It has 2 main sectors, namely Innovative Pharmaceuticals and Generic Pharmaceuticals. The Innovative Pharmaceutical, considered a sector of high put on the line out-of-pocket to the high capital investment in R&D, the low probability of having an approved information hence the opportunity to engender revenues exceeding the invested R&D and bes, has currently negative expectations regarding the future principally beca usage of slow growth p redictions, the end of a sheer protection period of up to 70 drugs with no innovative products in the line of products to replace them.Its counterpart, The Generic Pharmaceuticals a 52 billion sector, although pendant on the innovative drugs patents to be take a shitd, is expected to waste a growth of up to 16% in major world markets and It has 3 categories ? Commodity generics Requires the lowest capital investment and a alike is the largest segment of generics, reason why many competitors were attracted to it. ? recess generics Have to be prescribed by physicians even in pharmacist-driven markets.Although requires higher capital investment than commodity the gross margins were higher. ? Biosimilars Refers to the undeveloped segment of the generic adaptation of the so called Biotech, which actives compounds were highly complex, by far harder to duplicate than traditional pharmaceuticals. Has high expectative of growth, and margins customary Factors per country of the gener ic market United States The world largest generic pharmacist-driven market, offered benefits for generic drugs such as the ANDA care for which shortened the approval of generic drugs and the paragraph IV which allowed generic companies to challenge innovative drugs long out front patent expiration. The competition in the US is stiff due to a large amount of competitors submission the market which is negatively affecting the pricing and consequently the profits. Europe The UK and Netherlands, the most competitive markets in the locality resembled the US (pharmacist-driven, prices were regulated by the market, with a high shrewdness of generics, 49%, which makes the competition high). France and Germany on the other hand, were physician-driven for which generics have to market and brand their drugs like innovative companies, hence incurring in the same marketing expenses as innovative companies, maculation prices were regulated by the government.Also, these markets were accoun ted as part of the biggest globally and had lower acuteness rates, 12% for France and 41% for Germany, while having high growth potential. Also they both accounted for only 12% of Tevas revenues in Europe. ? Rest of the world Japan is a highly regulated market with generic penetration of 10%, specially because of the patients perception of generics as of lower quality, only expected to growth in a the long term.Other markets like Latin America, Eastern Europe, Russia, China, and India were expected to grow in the generic market although due to limited dispos subject income the patients demanded low price generics. Five forces Analysis ( put on appendix 1) ? Rivalry (High) ? Power of supplier (Low) ? Power of buyers (high) ? Substitute products (Medium) ? Threat of new entrants (high) Opportunities There are 70 innovative drugs in the US about to loose their patents in 2010, which are potential new generics developments for Teva.There are salve almost unsaturated markets such as France, Germany, Latin America and Asia where Teva stack make an strategic move. There is still the street corner generic and Biosimilar Markets where barriers of entrance can be created to prevent new competitor entrance, and finally, there are still not many competitors and high growth expectations specially in Biosimilar products in the US. Threats ANDA and Paragraph IV are slowing due to fierce competition and entrance of new competitors, while innovative companies started also to innovate the commodity generic market.The industry is highly fragmented which makes competition fierce and some global markets have government regulated prices and compulsory licensing making competition on price difficult. Finally, the US Market is acquire saturated of competitors which is reducing profitability. Internal Analysis Corporate dodge Tevas Corporate strategy is to diversify into related businesses that through a well managed chain value (Localized management and marketing, and cent ralized R&D, manufacturing and APIs) has given up them greater scale benefits than any of its competitors, and a reputation as the company not to compete on price with.Tevas business strategy and Competitive advantage Tevas business strategy is comprise leadership based in keeping R&D low, an efficient management of its supply chain, backswept integration into pharmaceutical ingredients (API), rigorous execution including filing ANDA applications faster than competitors (which gave them a large pipeline of paragraph IV challenges and a broad portfolio of commodity generics), and finally a reputable, successful acquisition team. See Appendix 3) Value chain (see appendix 2) Teva has maintained its low cost culture during the years, and thanks to his careful growth into new markets through acquisitions has achieved greater benefits of scale than any other competitor. Its R&D, which usually adds for a high percentage in the industry (14% of net gross sales), was only of 7% for Teva thanks to the strong collaboration with the scientific institute in Israel such as Weizmann institute, Hebrew university of Jerusalem and the Technion.Additionally, Teva has entered new markets where they have successfully been able to push their products by influencing market players namely Pharmacists-driven markets. Key success ciphers Within the main success factor we can recognize former CEO Hurvitz , who fostered a culture of goal settings and low prices, acknowledging the commodity-like nature of the industry and whose vision took the company to reach and pass the Billion Dollar theory. His legal team, who is in nominate of filing ANDA, is famous for being faster than any competitor.His acquisitions team who has a great reputation in the industry for the systematic approach and successful outcomes in integrating acquired companies. Strengths Teva is the largest commodity generic producer in the world by having an amazingly well managed cost structure and by setting economi es of scale to produce at a lower cost than its competitors, hence being able to compete with low prices. Its message to influence key market players within its markets (pharmacists). An acquisition team that has lead to successful buys and integrations.Also, Teva has a non bureaucratic structure that is aligned with the low cost structure. Weaknesses The limited knowledge of Physician-driven markets, is for instance, the cause for Tevas low forepart in France and Germany that together accounted for only 12. 5% of the revenues of Teva in Europe. Limited research budget and limited follow out in innovative pharmaceuticals market. High focus in the US market, reason for which any possible downturn, like the regulatory impasse, has a high possibility of affecting negatively the results of the company.Alternatives 1. Teva has successfully introduced 2 blockbuster innovative drugs into the market, Copaxone in partnership with Sanofi-Aventis, and Azilect, which proved that Copaxone was not a one-off. This can lead us to think that Teva can keep on going down the road of innovative drugs and in other therapeutic areas with sales estimates of up to $6 billion dollars. We cant forget though, that Teva has limited research budget and limited eff in this market where giant companies like Merck, Novartis and Sanofi-Aventis compete.Additionally CEO Hurvitz qualified this move as zip fastener else than supreme self-confidence. 2. Move into Niche and Biosimilar markets which are relatively new or completely unknown markets for Teva, particularly for the type of relationship with the Physician-driven markets notwithstanding that can give advantages and possibilities to create entry barriers to new competitors and that would by all odds set a solid base for Tevas continuous growth. 3.Enter new geographical markets continue with its low cost strategy and enter new geographical markets, such as Germany and France, this strategy is aligned with the move into Niche and Bio similar market mainly directed to physician-driven markets. 4. Status Quo Teva should focus solely in the commodity generic market in which the company is currently the strongest player, but risking to loose market share with competitors such as Sandoz, Ranbaxy and Barr. See appendix 4 for Analysis of Alternatives RecommendationIn the light of the alternative analysis (see appendix 5), the best move for Teva is to start entering the Niche and Biosimilar markets while also expanding geographically into Physician-driven markets such as Germany and France where it is wise to consolidate and try to get a bigger market share using Ivax and Sicors know-how in these areas. Ivax has already given Teva the leading presence in Latin America where must of the countries were physician-driven markets, proving that Ivax has experience in this type of market.Teva can give leverage to Ivax in order to be able to produce at low costs, while Ivax with its independent type of operation can give Teva access to global markets. For this purpose, Teva must successfully combine Ivax into Tevas culture while hold backing its independent operation and providing marketing budget, which will definitely generate high revenues due the nature of Ivaxs niche generic products. Also, Ivax strength in first-to-file paragraph IV pipeline in the USA can positively affect Tevas operation within its headmaster market and generate a solid ground so that Teva can later on support its new operations in the new markets.On the other hand, Teva has already started developing Innovative drugs, and has had 2 blockbusters, but getting deeper in this market can be dangerous and the probabilities of failure are very high. Instead, Teva should use its previous experience in handling the innovative division, and handle Sicor experience in the Biosimilar in the same way. Tevas experience in rolling out a product lunch will definitely become useful in order to support Sicors operation that can generate entry barriers to the Biosimilar market and higher revenues within the US in the injectables business.Also it is possible to use a low cost approach, and his economies of scale to be more prices efficient than the possible competitors. Implementation plan. Since 70 innovative drugs are loosing their patent protection by 2010 in the US, Teva should start developing the generic version of this drugs and can use Ivax experience in the first-filer paragraph IV in order to take advantage and make its position in the US market stronger. Teva should also start slowly moving away from the Innovative market.In order to do this, Teva should finish the development of the innovative drugs and they already have in the pipeline, and lunch them. After this, most of these resources are going to be transported into the production of Biosimilars leaded by Sicor. With the intention of moving into Germany and France, Teva must start creating a solid marketing team in conjunction with Ivax, this capital inves tment should generate enough revenues to dominate the cost knowing that Niche products have higher gross margins.With Sicor, Teva should start developing Biosimilars within the US, originally Barr with Pliva and Sandoz move into the US market that is supposed to support only 3 competitors. We know that Sandoz has already lunched one Biosimilar in Australia and Europe. Although the regulation pathway for Biosimilar in the US was still unknown this will give some lead-time for Sicor to develop and then have approved Biosimilar products in the US and hopefully start generating entry barriers for biotech and other Biosimilar competitors.Biosimilar product has margins close to those of the innovative drugs and with lesser risk of competing against the giants who dont play in this market. Finally, Ivax gave Teva the leading position in Latin America, and although it accounts for only 39. 3 billions or 7% of the industry revenue, this revenue is expected to growth at a 9. 2% CAGR with me dium-low competition. It is a great opportunity for Teva to establish himself as the market leader in this growing market. Appendix 1 Porters 5 forces. pic Appendix 2 Value image pic Appendix 3 Sustainability of competitive advantage. Valuable Rare INNOVATIVE High revenues if successful. Slow growth and stiff competition against giant 2 successful innovative drugs already launched companies. Has some innovative drugs in the pipeline Huge capital investment required. projected to generate revenues of $6 billions Inexperience of Teva in this market. Goes against advantage of Teva of producing with low costs NICHE AND BIOSIMILAR AND GEOGRAPHICAL EXPANSIONHigh revenues and market growth expected Teva does not have experience in this area of THROUGH ACQUISITIONS Possibility to generate entry barriers to new production competitors Teva has no experience and know how in Has already bought Sicor (Biosimilar), Ivax physician-driven markets however it can (Niche) and has a lready set up a separate integrate Ivax and Sicor know-how. division to focus on Niche market and Physician-driven markets Aligned with focused strategy and efficient chain value for low costs Experience in acquisitions and integration STATUS QUO unanimous consolidated position in the US Saturated market Know-how and experience in pharmacist-driven Stiff competition with new competitors and market giant companies entering commodity generic Experience in ANDA filing market. Prices intemperate and with them profits Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd Final Report Professor

Physical Exercise Effect on Adolescents

Physical exercises is genuinely important to the body of a normal human being as they have several benefits mainly for the aged citizenry. Some researchers have examined how the human intelligence is affected by carnal exercise. In the The executive cash in ones chips in human has been facilitated by the somatogenetic exercise. Although some exercises be genuinely simple they are precise important to our body because they can enhance our psychological functions and development. genuinely(prenominal) many years ago during the time of the ancient Greeks there was a belief that the intelligent exponent is highly affected by the physical exercise that a person takes.Evaluation of the relationship amidst the children intelligence and physical exercise has not been yet done (Kirkendall, 1986). From some researches that where done very recently, it was notice that fitness is in terms of faculty member intelligence or achievements. In most cases the students who get very good grades in their exams are associated positively with physical exercises. According to the California department of education the kids who come better in they schoolmanally are physically fit.Having daily physical exercises is very important conduct help a student to step-up her reading skills, in mathematics subject and also in the science subjects. The time lost during the physical exercises doesnt affect the performance of a student, but quite it helps boost their grade According to a meta-analysis that was done on 16 studies by the use of unbent experi amiable designs, there is a very great relationship between physical activity and the academic achievement of a student along a list of some measurements which include the intelligent quotient, the academic achievements memory and mathematics tests.The results after this study showed that all these categories are affected positively by physical activities except memory According to the finding, fitness may have a relationshi p with cognitive function. fitness cannot provide any understanding of the mechanism by which the brain can be affected by aerobiotic fitness in kids. Participation in the physical activity by the children may be affected some itemors like socioeconomic status and this make it very difficult to the influence of fitness.The splendor of the research that was done recently was to determine and know more about hoe the brain function of the child is related to high or low fitness of children. As a person ages their mental acclivity is affected by physical exercises. Some experiments where done on animals and human. From the results out of the experiments, it was found that the shape of exercises that a person does in several weeks changes the dash the brain functions and this triggers cognition and behavior.As one is doing the physical exercises, there are some biological responses in both(prenominal) muscles and organs of a person and this changes the complex body part and the w ay the brain functions (Dishman et al. 2006). If physical exercise had the same impact on children like in the adults, their mental activity in education would be improved. People must be engaged in both physical and activities and aerobic fitness. This is because they are related to the p3 and the behavioral performance in adults. The adults who are always in physical and aerobic exercises have very great amplitude of the p3 and it is always have very steadfast latency.According to this finding, one can understand that the aerobic exercise may influence neuroelectric concomitants of attentiveness allotment of the workings memory and the processing speed of a human being. In the highly fit people you can observe very fast and more accurate behaviors. According tot the results from the findings, the process which is convoluted in behavioral response in the human body has a great relationship with the aerobic exercise. When we compare the performance of the stimulus tasks between children and young adults, we are able to note a very big difference.The children have a lower performance of stimulus compared to that of the young adults. This is as a result of very complex as they include the maturation of the course of action concerned in practicable memory and inhibitory function and the development of some regions in the brains. Research has been done on the P3 ad has resulted to the improvement of the brain and consequent cognitive processes in the children. There is very long p3 latency in preadolescent children Compared to the adults and this shows a very low speed in cognitive processing.The findings regarding the p3 are not very clear although the children indicate very high results or n defense in amplitude when compared to that of the adults. perception is a term that is used to describe several processes in the human brain which include working planning response and scheduling. After the analysis of the researches done, it is revealed that aerobic p erformance has an effect on the cognitive performance. The polish was that the level of fitness determines the volatility of ones brain and the link is very strong. Improved cognition in children is greatly related to the physical activity that they take.It doesnt matter the type of exercise they take but the fact is that all of them affect the mental activity. The young children and young elementary are greatly affected by the physical activity that they always take. In order to increase your intelligence you can take very many physical activities but increasing your brain power will can for shifts in the way you live and think. When you take very regular physical exercises, you can be sure of getting increase of 10-15 of IQ points. This is very simply and it can easily fit in your daily activities and program.

Post War Europe Essay

The man state of state of war II refers to the global conflict that took place between 1939 to 1945. Also referred to as the Second conception struggle, the conflict involved some(prenominal) nations, especially the great powers. The conflict had two debate military alliances, the axis vertebra and the affiliate (Hakim, p 8). This contend has been considered as ane of the almost spread state of warfare in the world history since it involved the mobilization of to a greater extent than 100 million military personnel. The Allies alliance during the war was do up of countries that opposed the Axis powers.The Big Three or the matchless- ternary major nations that guide the Allied Alliance were the linked States of America, Britain, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. Other nations that were carve up of the Allied Alliance include China, France, Poland, Australia, Canada, and South Africa. The Axis Alliance opposed the Allies, and it was led by tether major Ax is powers. These powers were Germany, Italy and Japan. These three countries in September 1940 had signed a Tri routineite Pact upon which the Axis Alliance was founded. Other nations that were part of the Axis Alliance include Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia.Some the Axis co- belligerents included Finland, India, Vietnam, and Iraq. The solid ground of total war as a result of this conflict had the major nations that were involved physical exertion their scientific, industrial, and scotch capabilities in order to let out weapons or plan military strategies that would maximize their probability of winning the war (Russell, p 15). It is estimated that over 70 million great deal were killed, with the majority being civilians. This make the war one of the deadliest human conflict to ever occur. The war began in 1939, and was triggered by the Germanys invasion of Poland.This later led to the France, United Kingdom, and the United States declaration of war on Germany. Some of th e rise up known events that occurred during the Second dry land war include the Operation Barbararossa, Pearl Harbour attack and the Marco Polo Bridge incident. The war finish in 1945 and had the United States and the Soviet Union turn out to be the superpowers. The beingness War II broke out in Europe later onwards Hitler led the Axis Alliance by first invading Poland. There were several(prenominal) major set up of Second military man II on Germany and Europe.In this paper, these effects will be discussed.Major effects of World War II in Germany Germany was one of the leading(p) nations in the Axis Alliance against the Allies during the Second World War. Germany is considered to nonplus demonstrable some of the most sophisticated and most destructive weapons during the war. Together with the cost of military operations, Germany used a great heart and soul of its finances to develop weapons for use during the war. The Nazi Germany which was led by Adolf Hitler investe d great amounts of financial resources to cater for the be of the war.In 1936, Adolph Hitler in his efforts to purchase war materials at low prices imposed price controls on the Germany lot. ration later followed in 1939. Price controls that were put on food led to food shortages during the war. This led to the people growing their food and doing barter trade with their personal be colossalings for food. Compensation trade was born during the war as a result of the wide spread barter trade. out-of-pocket to the business to business transactions, many business firms hired a person who could barter a firms output. The barter trade was inefficient compared to the learn purchase of commodities and services using coin.According to a Germany economist Walter Eucken self- sufficiency and barter trade were incompatible. Due to an extensive labor division, Germans stinting system had been reduced to a primitive condition (Harlett 1978, p. 34). The Germany economy after the war was in sh ambles. In the housing sector, Adolph- Hitler scorched earth policy together with the war had change about 20 per cent of the housing. Germanys stintingal hardship had the food production per capita from 1938 to 1947 reduce by 51 per cent. In addition, the occupying powers had set the food ration between 1040 and 1550 calories per day.As compared to the industrial out put in 1938, Germanys out put in 1947 was only a third of the 1938 industrial output. Due to the death of a large number of working -age men during the war, Germany had inadequate labor. The economic hardship had triggered the Germany government to put in place measures that would rejuvenate the countrys economy. The government eliminated the price controls that were initially there, while the currency was reformed. This occurred in 1948. Later in 1948 and1949, there was reduction of the marginal tax rates. These measures aphorism the Germanys economy grow apace 20 years after the World War II.Germanys economic p roblems erect also be attributed to the World War I effects. Before the World War I, the German Empire had a comfortable economy. However,after the war,Germanys economic prosperity was considered to have been ruined by treaties such as the 1919 Treaty of Versallies. The signing of the treaties by Germany together with the World War I effects led to great inflation in the early 1920s. Though Germanys economy improved after the First World War, the economic problems that characterized this degree to some extent came to affect Germanys economy after the World War II.The first several years in Germany after the World War II were of great economic problems. This resulted from the destruction of property, land, and homes during the war (Klopstock, p 285). Furthermore, many Germans fled from their homes during the war, a fact that made working almost infeasible. This reduced the economic productiveness of the nation, whose negative effects after the war became evident. In addition to this, the industrial and agricultural production had drastically reduced in Germany. Many millions of people lacked food and clothing as the inflation raged in Germany. victuals shortage had fabricate severe and each day, and particularly on weekends, vast hordes of people trekked out to the country to barter food from the farmers(Wallich, p 65). Despite the economic problems that the Germans were experiencing, the political leaders were able to exploit the situation in order to build a very strong economy in future. The economic problems advance the German political leaders to focus on the future plans of reviving Germanys economy. The leaders saw a new stem in the ruined economy, where the economy was viewed as an instrument of prosperity.The contend to have a halcyon economy would then assist the Germans to have a stable society, as well as to safeguard democracy. The leaders sought both the economic prosperity and social peace. A prosperous economy would also make sure tha t there was equal opportunity for all the German citizens so that eruption of a revolution would be prevented when bitter frustration of the underprivileged social groups was avoided. The reviving of the German economy and economic system that had been reduced to a primitive condition (Hazlett, p 34) due to the economic problems undergo as a result of the World War II became important.The economy was revived by means of the efforts of some Germans post war leaders such as Ludwig Erhard. The currency reforms that were introduced through the efforts of Erhard led to the abolishment of the Reichmark and the Deutsche mark intromission. The installation of the new currency began in 1948 led to economic success. Furthermore, Erhard abolished the Nazi and the occupation regulations and rules. This was the beginning of a prosperous and free economy in Germany, which in turn established the foundation of a growing tungsten Germany economy.Apart from the economic problems experienced in Germany, another(prenominal) major effect of the World War II(WWII) in Germany was the division of Germany into two ( easterly and air jacket Germany) for about 40 years. The division occurred in 1949 and ended on October 1990 to reunite the two sides. The three Allied Zones of Occupation were brought together to form West Germany. These three zones were those that were held by France, United Kingdom, and the United States. The two special territories in Germans two states were Berlin and the Saarland. Since the West was democratically organized, it considered itself to have exclusive mandate for all of Germany.The Yalta Conference that was held by the Soviet Union, United States, and the United Kingdom leaders aimed as paving the way forward for future arrangements with the Europe after the World War II. It was during the conference that the leaders decided to split Germany into four occupation Zones. These Zones included the French Zone, American Zone, British Zone, and the Sovie t Zone. West Germany was formed in 1949 and comprised of the Western Allied Zones. The Soviet Zones formed the vitamin E Germany, which was also referred to as the Germany Democratic Republic.The West Germany economy grew so rapidly due to the economic tutelage from the United States and also the Marshall Plan. But more importantly, the currency reforms that were introduced in West Germany strengthened the economy. both(prenominal) the East and West Germany had mutual recognition of each other and the relation between the two was normalized by treaties such as the Treaty of Warsaw(1970),Basic Treaty(1972) and the Treaty of Moscow(1970). West Germany became cosmopolitan due to the western culture influences while East Germany was conservative.The East Germany adhered to the socialist ideologies, where there was less freedom as compared to West Germany. In addition, the West Germany government was more decentralized and East Germany had a government based on the Communist ideaologi es. The reunion of the East and West Germany occurred on 3 October 1990 to form the Federal Republic of Germany, which is the current Germany. The Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961 to separate the two regions, but it was destroyed in 1989 after the reunification of East and West Germany.The third major effect of the World War II on Germany was the great advancement in technology. This resulted from Germans great expert ability to develop and use high-pitchedly sophisticated and regent(postnominal) weapons and industrial technology. Germany is considered to have developed and used some of the most powerful and sophisticated weapons during the World War II. For instance, Germany managed to develop powerful anti-aircraft weaponry, aircraft bombers, bombs, guns, rifles, and chemical weapons. The jet aircrafts which had been developed late during the war were advanced after the World War II.The Navy advancements during the World War II paved way for more technological maturement i n the naval field. The German designs such as the Type VII submarine were used during the World War II, and the technology was later used after the war for greater advancement. For instance, after the division of Germany into West and East Germany, some of the Germans ingenious privileges that were of industrial reward. The Allies who had control over West Germany confiscated Germans intellectual privileges and used them for their own companies.This led to rapid appendage in industrialization due to the technology that had been developed by the Germans. Major Effects of World War II on Europe The World War II had so many countries involved, with the majority being from Europe. Examples of European countries that took part in the war included the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, France, and Poland. These countries and Europe as a continent experienced some major effects of the World War II. One major effect of the World War II on Europe was economic problems.The World War II had de manded that nations that were involved in the conflict invest their scientific, industrial, and economic capabilities. This required wide amounts of financial resources. Before the war, many European nations had very strong economic abilities. The nations economic and population advantage was very essential for success in the war. In addition, the European nations that had major industrial and financial developments included Germany, United Kingdom, and France. Industrial development that had spread across Europe before the war had contributed to great economic development in the European nations.The Industrial Revolution had led to rapid economic growth, which put the European nations at a good position to compete with the United States of America which was then an economic might. The World War II led to the destruction of Europes industrial centers and this affected negatively the high production of products or commodities that would be sold to increase economic growth in Europe (Tucker, p 771). The European substructure that was greatly destroyed made it hard for the citizens to undertake activities that would contribute to the economic growth.The European countries during the war had continued to increase their chokeing on developing and producing military weapons. There was construction of strategical road network by some European nations with the aim of increasing their probability of winning the war. The need for synthetic rubber and oil from coal to use during the war promoted great financial investments by the European nations. For instance, Britains economy was harnessed to the World War II efforts. The destruction of Europes infrastructure led to economic problems.The damage of the road and rail networks during the war made it very difficult for the European nations after to move the essential goods from one place to another. The economy was exhausted, a good example being Britains economy. For the European countries that were involved in the Wo rld War, their economies experienced severe inflation. Though rationing and high life goods absence in Europe before the war had encouraged people to save, the people were unable to spend their savings since there were no commodities to purchase as would be preferred.The economic hardships in Europe made some European countries to borrow heavily from other nations with a strong economy such as the United States. The economic hiccups in Europe were later followed by economic recovery, where the currency reforms quickly reestablished money as the preferred medium of exchange and monetary incentives as the prime mover of economic employment (Heller, p 215). Another major effect of the World War II on Europe was environmental destruction. The World War II resulted to great environmental destruction. In many cases, any warfare or military conflict has very destroy effects on Europes natural environment.Improvements in technology during the war led to the invention of military weapons that were very destructive to the human life as well as the natural ecosystems. For example, the use of powerful and sophisticated bombs in the war destroyed wildcat and plant life. Furthermore, new chemical components that made up the weapons were released into the environment. This affected the smirch fertility and composition, and this made it impossible for land to regain its fertility. The chemical components released from the explosives used in the war made it impossible for some cultivatable land to be productive again.Many parts of Europe that acted as military grounds experienced great environmental degradation. The technological advancements during the World War II were incompatible with environmental preservation. War can never be compatible with the preservation and conservation of the natural environment. The environmental degradation that was occurring during the war was not a bother to the parties that were involved in the war. The military operations, destruction of natural vegetation to build parley lines and roads, and artillery shelling destroyed the environment.The new and effective ways military strategies that were used by the assorted nations forces to attack the enemies or defending themselves from the enemies increased environmental destruction. Long after the war ended, Europes natural environment has not yet recovered from the destruction it experienced during the war. In the era of technological advancement and industrialization, environmental issues seemed to cause very little concern in Europe, hence the effects of the war have proved that the war through technological advancement had become a great environmental threat.The increased use of chemical weapons resulted to long-lived negative effects on the environment. The waste disposal practices during and after the war in Europe resulted to significant contamination of soils and ground water with high explosives (Pennington et al, p 163). For example, the use of high explosiv es has made the recovery of the environment from destruction in Europe almost impossible. Consequently, the environment has become a health hazard to the people with the land mines that are still trapped in the soil/lands making some parts of the Europe land inhabitable.The areas were turned into waste land. Great technological advancements were another major effect of the World War II was witnessed in Europe. These changes that were witnessed were as a result of the nations that took part in the war struggle to invent and use better and powerful military weapons than their rivals. The technological development during and after the First World War promoted more advancements after the World War I . This is because, the improvements made after the World War II were an improvement on those that had earlier been invented.The inventions were considered as very lively when it came to winning the war, and this promoted technological inventions that were very instrumental to the economic d evelopment of many European nations after the war. The use of radios and electricity became possible due to the technological development witnessed during the wars. Research that had been intensively through with(p) by the Allies and the Axis with the aim of outdoing each others weapons became very important to more inventions after the war.The technological innovations of the war paved way for the naval technological development witnessed up to date. For instance, the introduction of aircraft receivers and radio communication systems during the war led to more development in naval industry long after the war. The technological advancement became a very vital requirement for survival during the war no doubt led to greater inventions after the war in Europe. Conclusion The World War II has been considered as one of the most devastating conflict to ever occur.This is due to the high number of people who were killed during the war. The various nations that were involved in the conflic t invested greatly to the war efforts through finances and scientific inventions. Germany was one of the major players in the conflict and it proved to have great ability to develop and use powerful weapons against its enemies. The major effects of the war were both positive and negative. While some effects have been devastating to the people and the natural environment, others have brought about development in various fields of economic growth

DepressionPTSD in the Military Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Depressionposttraumatic stress disorder in the Military - Research Paper ExamplePractically, from 10-18% of veterans upon their generate home are diagnosed with PTSD. Studies found that Iraq/Afghanistan veterans are more likely to be incarcerated, being diagnosed with affectionateness ill- intervention disorders, and more likely to be married. In Afghanistan/Iraq veteran population PTSD can develop referable to sustained injuries, wounds, traumas, and traumatic brain injury. There are several effective treatment approaches available for host patients diagnosed with PTSD, which include cognitive behavioral therapies, mettle Movement Desensitization and Reprocess, imagery rescripting, imagery rehearsal therapy, and virtual(prenominal) reality. According to CBT approach, interpretation of the traumatic events causes the symptoms, thus the treatment concent judge on elimination of irrational thoughts occurring in patients. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocess demonstrated an i mpressive empirical support for their effectiveness as treatment approaches for PTSD among military population groups. Virtual Reality based therapy incorporates modern technology such as computer graphic surroundings and visual displays to create a feeling of immersion in reality-like environments, such as battlefields.The prevalence and severity of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among military population is well(p) documented. ... Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association, 1994), the diagnosis of PTSD requires exposure to a traumatic event and three resulting symptom clusters reexperiencing the event, avoidance of traumatic reminders and numbing of responsiveness, and hyperarousal. In their study of Vietnam veterans, Schlenger et al. (1992) found 27.9% of Hispanics, 20.6% of Blacks, and 13.7% of washrag/other male veterans suffered current PTSD symptoms 15 years after military service. Similar results of PTSD prevalence were found among veterans of other recent military missions. Kang et al (2003) surveyed 30,000 veterans and found approximately 12% of veterans from the graduation Gulf War veritable PTSD. The research performed by Hoge et al. (2004) noted 15.6 to 17.1% of returned Iraq War veterans in their study (n = 1709) developed PTSD. Additionally, Hoge et al. (2004) observed a PTSD baseline rate of 5% in the soldier sample antecedent to deployment. This baseline rate closely mirrored the 3 to 4% rates of PTSD in the unite States general adult population (Narrow et al, 2002). In addition, many veterans suffer symptoms of trauma such as flashbacks or hyper-arousal without meeting the full diagnostic criteria of PTSD according to the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).B. PTSD, COMORBIDITY AND SYMPTOMATOLOGYPast studies reported high rates of comorbidity between PTSD and other adjustment difficulties and mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety and/or phobias, violence, unemploy ment, substance dependence and hatred, marital, and family discord (Jakupcak et al., 2008). Kulka et al. (1990) reported male Vietnam veterans with PTSD had an 80% lifetime prevalence of alcohol abuse and 30% suffered depression. PTSD symptomatology was